Activity-Based Costing (Abc); Hunter Company

Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company Emmanuel Achirem ACC 560-Managerial Accounting Dr. Lotfi Geriesh Strayer University 08/04/2012 Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 1 Introduction Over the past two decade’s adoption of Activity-Based Costing ABC has been tossed around like a hot potato by every size and type of organization. It was adopted by organizations ranging in size from huge multi-national companies like General Motors to the much smaller Alexandria Hospital. Lanen, Anderson, & Maher, 2011) Some companies began the initial processes but stopped short of actual implementation when they discovered more time and resources were needed to effect the change so management ran from it just as they had run from quality improvement concepts from the seventies and eighties. (Romano, 1990) Was this because ABC was not a good fit for the organization or was there a deeper issue? These organizations knew they were not adequately capturing the costs of activities ye t they final cost could be. T.J Rodgers who founded Cypress Semiconductor wrote: â€Å"The seeds of business failure are sown in good times, not bad†¦Growth masks waste, extravagance, and inefficiency. The moment growth slows, the accumulated sins of the past are revealed all the way to the bottom line. † (Clemmer, 1992) Given the competitive nature of business today organizations both big and small cannot long afford to ignore the 900 pound gorilla in the room. The goal of this paper is to discuss Time-driven ABC cost system can be implemented and how it has benefited some companies such as Hunter Company.The system was not widely accepted in the beginning, but ABC has play major role in cost accounting today and has help some managers to combat corporate resistance to change when trying to implement it. Operating managers have known for many years that while the traditional costing approach was inaccurate; and archaic it was close enough. Today, because of the global a nd high speed Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 2 nature of the business environment, the errors of conventional costing are systematic and can affect too many decisions.Time-driven ABC is not a hypothetical improvement to traditional ABC analysis. It has been applied in dozens of companies, helping them to deliver significant profit improvements quickly. The Hunter Company (disguised name of actual company), a large, multinational distributor of scientific products with over 20 facilities, 300,000 customers, and 460,000 product SKUs, processes more than one million orders each month. Hunter already had an existing activity-based costing model that had been built with the assistance of an external consulting team.The insights revealed from the model were extremely informative but many in the company questioned if the view was worth the climb. Their main complaints can be summarized as follows: †¢ The model had been cumbersome to build and maintain. With more than 1,0 00 activities, the monthly survey of department staff of where they had spent their time was complex and costly. Also, tracking the driver quantities for each activity and customer was difficult. †¢ The model did not reconcile with actual financials since activity cost driver rates had not been updated recently. Despite the already large number of activities, the model was still not considered accurate or granular enough. It did not reflect several important differences between orders. To increase accuracy, more activities would have to be added, and employees would have to be re-interviewed. Also, an additional data extract to track the quantities of the new cost drivers would be required. The existing ABC approach was not easily maintainable, and thus not sustainable.The company called in a software and consulting company to help it implement the time-driven ABC approach. The time-driven approach led to the following changes: For a department, such as the inside sales departm ent, the previous ABC model required employees to estimate, each month, the percentage of their time spent on their three activities: customer set-up, order entry, and order expediting. In the time-driven approach, the ABC team estimated the time required to perform each activity.For example, the activity to set-up a new customer took 15 minutes. Since a field already existed within Hunter’s ERP system that identified whether a customer was new, assigning a customer set-up cost to a new customer became a simple transaction. For order entry, the team learned that every order took about five minutes to enter the basic order information, plus three minutes for each line item on the order. Again this was a simple calculation to implement since the ERP system already tracked the number of line items for each order.Finally, the team learned that order expediting was triggered by a request by the customer to rush the shipment, resulting in an additional 10 minutes of time to coordin ate the expediting. The order included a field that identified it is a â€Å"rush order. † The project team could write a simple equation to estimate the Inside Sales Department time required for each order received: Inside Sales Process Time = 15*[New Customer] + 5 + 3*[Number of Line Items] + 10*[Rush]The Inside Sales Department cost for the order was obtained by multiplying this time by the cost per minute of Inside Sales Department resources. This process was replicated in each department to arrive at the total cost of producing, handling, and fulfilling the order. Note that once the team had created the Inside Sales Process algorithm, it did not need to continually re-interview personnel. Each period, the costs of the department would be assigned based on the volume and nature of the transactions it handled.Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 4 The Hunter Company identified the following benefits from shifting its ABC model to the time-driven approach. †¢ I t reduced the number of activities to maintain. It transformed 1,200 activities (e. g. , set-up new customer, enter orders, expedite orders) to 200 department specific processes (e. g. , the equation used to estimate Inside Sales Department time). Also, it could easily update the resource cost of each cost center and departments so that its process costs were accurate and current. Its cost estimates were more accurate since they were based on actual observations of processing time and actual transaction data, not subjective estimates on where and how people spent their time †¢ It was easier to increase model accuracy and granularity, when wanted, for high cost and heterogeneous processes. Adding more elements to the time equation enabled managers to easily add more variety and complexity to the model when required. This enabled managers to identify specific SKUs, customers, and processes where improvements could be made. The model was easier to validate. The calculated total pr ocess time, based on all transactions in a period, could be reconciled to head count (resources supplied during the period). If the total process time exceeded the actual resources supplied, managers received a signal that some of their unit times were likely too high. If total calculated process time was well below the time supplied, but employees felt they were working at or beyond capacity, managers learned that some of their unit times were under-estimated or employees were working less efficiently than anticipated.Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 5 †¢ The model provided explicit information on processes operating at or beyond capacity, and those operating well below capacity. Managers could take action to relieve bottlenecks expected to persist in future periods, or act to reduce capacity in departments where any unused capacity was expected to persist for several periods into the future. Today, it takes two people, two days per month to load, calculate, valida te and report findings, compared to the 10-person team spending over 3 weeks to maintain the previous model.Employees now spend time generating increased profits from the information rather than just updating and maintaining the information. Over the past 15 years, activity-based costing has enabled managers to see that not all revenue is good revenue, and not all customers are profitable customers. Unfortunately, the difficulties of implementing and maintaining traditional ABC systems have prevented activity-based cost systems from being an effective, timely, and up-to-date management tool. The time-driven ABC approach has overcome these difficulties.It offers managers a methodology that has the following positive features: 1. Easy and fast to implement 2. Integrates well with data now available from recently installed ERP and CRM systems 3. Inexpensive and fast to maintain and update 4. Ability to scale to enterprise-wide models 5. Easy to incorporates specific features for partic ular orders, processes, suppliers, and customers Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 6 6. More visibility to process efficiencies and capacity utilization 7.Ability to forecast future resource demands based on predicted order quantities and complexity These characteristics enable activity-based costing to move from a complex, expensive financial systems implementation to becoming a tool that provides meaningful and actionable data, quickly and inexpensively, to managers. In conclusion, we can see that the methodology behind Activity-Based Costing is sound, and can result in sometimes great savings to a company willing to take the time, effort and expense to implement a plan.Although there are some pitfalls to the process, with perseverance and a solid commitment from management, ABC can be of great benefit to a manufacturing company. Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 7 References C. Argyris and R. S. Kaplan, â€Å"Implementing New Knowledge: The Case of Activity -Based Costing,† Accounting Horizons (September 1994): 83-105. Journal of Cost Management (Winter 1989): 34-46; R. Cooper and R. S. Kaplan, â€Å"Measure Costs Right: Make the Right Decisions,† Harvard Business Review (September-October 1988). http://www. hbs. edu/research/facpubs/workingpapers/papers2/0304/04-0

ECommerce: Questions with Answers

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Contemporary Management Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Contemporary Management Issues - Essay Example It was established in the year 1996 with the help of government issued bonds (Oman-oil.com, 2015d). Middle Eastern countries are enjoying high investment in the energy segment. The Oman Oil Company S.A.O.C. (OOC) used investments from within and exterior of Oman. Sultanate of Oman has aimed to develop economic and social contribution with the help of contribution of energy producing industry (Oman-oil.com, 2015b). The firm is one of the major investments companies in the energy projects in Oman. They used Omani and foreign investment in order to develop the refineries and purchased or leased various machineries. Its Omani set up is controlled by the Sultanate, which is producing petroleum and other fuel from the crude oil and fossil fuel available within the country borders (Oman-oil.com, 2015a). The company went global and used various country models and natural resources to produce oils. They are having fair amount of market share among Asian and global oil and gas industries. The firm is able to use value chain effectively in order to meet the market demands of oil and gas products in Oman and other Asian and European countries. Oman Oil Company have strong portfolio that involved investments in various segments. Their value chain system includes exploration of crude oil from Oman area and production of the petroleum related products, aluminum and power (Oman-oil.com, 2015c). Current assignment will be developed on the basis of outlining the impacts of the different contemporary issues in management of the firm. It will outline the corporate social responsibility and business ethical strategies on behalf of Oman Oil Company. Moreover, impacts of ethical and CSR related strategies on organizational development and further investment will be outlined in the study. Strategic direction of Oman Oil Company in Oman and internationally are contrasted in the study to contrast the fluctuation of strategic change for the external and internal issues (Cragg,

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Properties of Materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Properties of Materials - Essay Example According to a survey that was carried out by our firm, we realized that many instances windows were severely damaged. Upon keenly studying the damages, it was realized that it was partly due to environmental factors and partly due to poor maintenance. The damages on the widows caused variations in geometric configuration, composition, porosity and adherence of corrosion products. They also cause environmental pollution and humidity and temperature variations. 2.0 BACKGOUND TO THE STUDY Timber has commonly been used in making window frames, because of its accessibility and ease of processing. It has the lowest thermal conductivity compared to other frame materials. Among the commonly used wood species for window frames are redwood, pine and cedar. Wood can be negatively changed by moisture, which can cause its warping or twisting. This fact makes it a mandatory practice to paint timber windows after a specified duration of time like five years. Another material that has been recently used for window frames is a synthetic material called Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It is made up of a chain of repeating units of vinyl chloride. PVC comprises of chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. The PVC exhibit varying characteristics that try to incorporate different additives considered beneficial for the window frames. In order to reduce brittleness, plasticizers may be added as additives in order to improve the processing. This helps to protect against were and tear coursed by natural agents as solar radiation. PVC windows incorporate reinforcement that aids in increasing rigidity. In turn the reinforcement increases the windows thermal conductivity. These windows are suitable and withstand the harsh environment presented by polluted air and saline conditions; their property of high thermal conductivity plays an important role in these hash environments. However, ultraviolet (UV) radiation on PVC breaks its molecular bonds, resulting in increased brittleness (Taylor, 2000). 2.1 Th e likely causes of the damages observed Since every material has its own degradation parameters, the environmental factors affecting the materials, and the intensity of these degradation factors, differ from material to material. For example, timber and PVC can undergo biological attacks but aluminum has no such threats. Some of the likely causes of the damages are: structural movement or stump subsidence in the main frame, expansion of the joints between elements and shrinkage or loose fitting in grooves which causes a problem of rattling windows, moisture penetration, weathering or decay, the normal wear and tear, loose hinges and screws and mold and algae caused by airborne spores, which settle on the surface. It also causes any exterior plastic products to go grey over time. 2.2 Remedial remedies Some of the remedial remedies could be: where the timber has deteriorated and has decayed, the repair could require re-fitting segments of the frame(s) using mortise and tenon joints. C omplete replacement of the damaged sash should also be considered, cracked, split or broken frames in the window sometimes may be repairable using wood adhesives and clamps, rusted and/or ineffective screws on fittings could be replaced, in some cases, by slightly larger diameter screws, by parallel thread metal tread or by longer screws which are non-corroding, one could also consider removing the damaged/rusted area of wood round the

A Human Character to the Corporation From a Moral Perspective Research Paper

A Human Character to the Corporation From a Moral Perspective - Research Paper Example Corporations law and partnership law are currently separate. However, current amendments to the Partnership Act of 1892 (NSW) have made provision for LLP and ILPs, with the facility of limited liability being extended in these cases to promote innovation and risk-taking. While this could address the limited use of partnerships due to their inability to restrict liability5, it also allows for benefits to be gleaned by foreign investors and large entrepreneurs, promoting a capitalistic structure that may not necessarily be beneficial to Australian interests. If the limited liability benefits of a corporation are to be extended to small partnership like arrangements of a few Directors who also share profits among themselves as in the Ebrahimi case, then the taxation laws must be amended 6 and the Partnership Act of New South Wales must be amended to permit such business to take advantage of tax reforms. This will enable issues of fairness and equity of a partnership where partners/inves tors owe each other a duty of good faith to co-exist successfully with the limited liability of corporations. The purpose of including disclosure through prospectuses for securities was mainly (a) to protect investors from underlying risks (b) enhance the efficiency of the securities market and (c) prevent fraud. Ruth Hines discovered that although the financial statements that are a part of such reports are considered vital, only those experienced in accounting were able to understand them sufficiently to make their decisions on the basis of those reports.

The Powers Given to the Police Force and How They Are Applied Term Paper

The Powers Given to the Police Force and How They Are Applied - Term Paper Example Policing is a noble activity that ensures that people live in harmony with one another. They make sure that people practice their right and at the same time give don't interfere with the rights of other people. Hence police cannot be taken as perfect but rather a major player in the sector of governance. Their role is just to ensure that people live in harmony with one another. In order to carry this role effectively, police are giving some power over the people. They are given the power to arrest those who do not act according to the requirements of the law. But in doing so they are guided by some principles which ensure that they keep ethics in their work. It doesn't mean that because police are given power over a citizen, they have to arbitrarily come and arrest others. They have to be guided by some principles in their work. The code of ethics is important in the world of police as it provides a guideline within which they should carry out their duties. It acts as a regulatory mechanism and a system of accountability for the police. Like the citizens are guided by the law that police force enforce, the police force is guided in its operation by a code of ethics which ensures that there are protocols that they have to observe in their work. (Frameer 2007, p. 90) It is rather absurd if the police force has to carry out their duties without observance of any code of ethics. They would exercise the powers that they are given in the world way. It is for this reason that the code of ethics for the police force becomes an indispensable tool that guides their operation. Therefore we have said that the police are given powers over the citizens to ensure that they keep to the requirements of the law. But is this power enough Do the police use the power they are given in the right manner Should they be given more power or should there be an accountability system.  

Apple Inc. AAPL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple Inc. AAPL - Research Paper Example These are supplemented by software platforms like the OS X and iOS operating systems. Te products produced by Apple also vary over a wide range of other products. In this analysis of Apple Inc, this paper will focus on its price history and ratio analysis, which will help in determining its profitability and competitiveness in the market. The competitive position built by Apple Inc is one based on reading the market and understanding what the customer needs in regards to technology. This can be seen from the change in product lines that the company has been going through since its inception. With the advent of computers and the market for personal computers, the company started producing the Macintosh that helped take over the computer market. This changed to the production of laptops in response to the market, and currently, the company is at the forefront in producing mobile phones. The main competitor to the company’s iphone is the threat of competition from Android based phones and applications. An analysis of Apple Inc’s financial history in the last twelve months reveals that the company has had its best performance to date. In august, the stock touched a record high of $665 per share, an indicator of the market conditions that favor the company. However, the bullish market caused the stock to plummet from the august and September highs to another low, but with the regaining market, the company is expected to bounce

Clifford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Clifford - Essay Example Evidential theory was therefore seen as an attempt to disrupt the peoples believes in God, because it justified an action basing on the existence of an evidence to support the claim. The position of this paper, is that the theory of evidentialism is the best method of justifying the occurrences of events and a belief in a deity. Arguments: According to the theory of evidentialism, an individual needs to believe an issue or an idea only if there is sufficient evidence that proves the issue or idea is correct. Clifford (2) argues that there is no justification for an individual to believe on a claim or idea without observing any sufficient evidence. According to Clifford (2) this kind of a person violates the law that regulates the ethics of belief. On the other hand, Clifford also argues that when the evidence is sufficient enough to prove a claim, and people still do not believe a claim, then these people are also guilty of breaching the laws that regulate the ethics of belief (Cliff ord, 7). On this basis, it is important to denote that belief has a law, and the main tenet of this law lies on the existence of an evidence. Clifford (1) effectively manages to use the example of a ship owner for purposes of explaining and justifying his theories of evidentialism. For instance, Clifford denotes that a ship owner failed to observe the laws that govern the ethics of belief by allowing his ship to sail, when he had doubts over the capability of the same ship to make a voyage. The ship under consideration was old, and needed many repairs (Clifford, 2). Despite these facts, the ship owner decided to allow the ship to make a voyage, just because the same ship had made many successful voyages before, and in the same condition. This, in Clifford’s view is against the laws that govern and regulate the ethics of belief. On this basis therefore, the ship owner was wrong, and it doesn’t matter whether the voyage was successful or not. From his explanations, we ca n denote that Clifford was of the opinion that the ship owner had an option of carrying out an investigation to prove on the ability of the ship to make a voyage. This is by making the necessary repairs, and having experts to examine its capability. The ship owner comes under severe criticisms from Clifford, because his actions were based on faith and providence, and in Clifford’s opinion, these do not justify the belief of a claim (Clifford, 12). Clifford also gives an explanation of consciousnes

Exploring the opportunities and challenges of developing Islamic Literature review

Exploring the opportunities and challenges of developing Islamic Financial Services in Seychelles - Literature review Example In the religion of Islam, it is strongly believed that Allah alone is Sovereign and it is He who has the right to ordain a guidance path for the whole humanity. In the Holy Quran, the word â€Å"Shariah† is mentioned once: â€Å" Then, We have set you[Muhammad] on a path (Shari’a) of [Our] commandment, so follow it, and do not follow the whims of those who do not know† (Holy Quran 45:18). This verse of Holy Quran clearly stipulates that Allah has ordered to the Last Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that He himself has provided some of the basic Sharia rules and regulations in the shape of the Holy Quran and You [Muhammad (PBUH)] has been ordered to follow them. In the last part of this verse, it is also ordered that whims or wishes of others are totally disallowed to be followed instead of the orders of Allah. In the Shariah, it is clearly mentioned and established fact that Allah is the Law Giver and the whole Ummah is merely His Trustee (Kettell, 2011, p.13). More clear ly, every Muslim is under a moral obligation to read, understand and act upon the Islamic rules and regulations mainly enshrined in the Holy Quran. ... s scholar, can develop an independent judgement; not even all the Muslims of the world collectively have any authority to introduce even the slightest change to it. The scope of Shariah is not limited to a single aspect of Muslim life. The Shariah is the guide for human actions which includes every dimension of human life. As a result, it attaches, sanctifies and gives religious importance and religious aspect to activities that may look mundane. Also, it encompasses constitutional and regulatory rules and regulations. Muslims individually and collectively are ordered to conduct their daily economic, social, personal, political, religious and other activities in accordance with the Shariah rules and regulations provided in the Holy Quran, the Sunnah and other sources of Shariah. The sources of shariah Kelly (2008) mentions the following sources of Shariah in the religion of Islam (p.109): The Quran; The Sunnah; The Ijtihad; The Ijma; The Qiyas. The Quran Naqvi (2012, p.23) states tha t Muslims believe that the Holy Quran is the final word from Allah. The Holy Quran is the main source of Shariah. In this main source, Allah has provided numerous orders, rules and regulations relating to different aspect of human life. In order to religiously conduct daily human activities, the Holy Quran provides guidance relating to the essential human activities. Broadly speaking, the Holy Quran provides guidance on two aspects of human life: relationship between humans and the relationship between humans and Allah. Between these two aspects, the majority of the guidance has focused on the relationship between humans. As humans are required to interact for various reasons including political, social, economic, and personal and so on, Allah has included maximum guidance on these issues

The elderly man Essay Example for Free

The elderly man Essay My response to situation number four is not to charge the elderly man. First and foremost, a prosecutor’s duty entails determining what cases should be prosecuted. In effect, this means, acting as a â€Å"strainer. † This means that decisions are based on several factors such as â€Å"limited resources, difficulty in enforcement, and not to mention political and public pressures† In deciding against prosecution, the following factors were taken into consideration: age, public interest, and rehabilitation from imprisonment. From the nature of the case and the age of the accused, there would be little reason to imprison him. In addition, looking at the factual circumstances surrounding the commission of the crime, there is little reason to do so. The fact that he immediately turned himself in shows his understanding of right and wrong, in the same breath making a choice to commit such wrong to free his wife from her disease. Moreover, I took media attention in consideration. Being published on the front page of a newspaper indicates a high public in the case, which is the very basis for enacting laws. The article will elicit two kinds of reaction from the public. The first reaction is negative in that people would disagree to the act of ending his wife’s life, but the other reaction could be an outpouring of sympathy for an elderly man who only wanted his wife’s suffering to end. To quote the assigned text, â€Å"in some situations, prosecutors do not charge because of an outpouring of public sympathy or support for the accused, perhaps because of the type of crime or identity of the victim. † Furthermore, based on a study that looks at the prosecutor as â€Å"operating in an exchange system†, whether between the prosecutor and police officers or the courts, in which case considerations may include jail overcrowding and docket backlog, a prosecutor would think twice whether or not charges should be pressed. On the basis of the above reasons, taxpayers’ money would be better spent prosecuting individuals whose malicious or negligent actions have caused pain and suffering to the victims and their families.

Explain Why the Treatment of Indigenous People Essay Example for Free

Explain Why the Treatment of Indigenous People Essay There were two main concepts that were thought to have motivated European countries to explore and colonize in America: the excitement and the profit of the New World. Throughout the 17th century England and Spain began to fight for control of the North American Continent, with different economic goals in mind. The success in the colonization of the New World depended on many factors one which included the treatment of the natives. Although the ideal treatment of natives within the countries colonies was identical by violently taking the Native American lands and turning them into outpost for their empires; however, their incentive for the treatment was different. The Spanish revealed a more systematic way of mistreating the natives because they intended to colonize America for gold and slaves without any obstacles, and the English colonized for land with no intention or preparation to interfere with the native people intensely until they necessarily had to. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led a massive expedition bent on finding and conquering Seven Golden Cities of Cibola, while doing so, he embittered many Native Americans toward the Spanish. As the Spaniards trudged through the North American borders in search of gold and slaves, they established a labor system called the encomienda system which helped sustain control over the natives in North, Central, and South America, so they can have certain opportunities to roam the lands in search of gold without any unwanted interruptions. Conquistadors were granted trusteeship over the indigenous people they conquered, in an expansion of familiar feudal institutions, notably the commendation ceremony, which had been established in New Castile during the Reconquista. The conquistadors scrupulously adhered to the Spanish law of conquest by reading the Requerimiento, which ordered defiant Indians, in Spanish, to accept Spanish rule and Christian conversion immediately. If the Indians ignored this order, they deserved the harsh punishments of a just war. For example, as the Spanish encountered swift resistance at the mesa-top pueblo of Acoma, the Indians refused Spanish demands for provisions for an exploring expedition. Spanish troops captured the pueblo, killing eight hundred inhabitants in the process, forcing surviving men to have one foot cut off and along with the women and children, to be servants of the soldiers and missionaries. As for the English and their colonalization, they strived for the land of the Americas, with little rivalry from the natives as possible; therefore, unlike the Spaniards they did not have a systematic way of controlling the natives. At first all went well, the Native Indians eagerly traded and shared their corn. Given such abundance and native hospitality, the colonist wondered why they should work at all. Refusing to grow their own food they expected the Roanokes to feed them. However, the English had outlived their welcome, and fearing that the natives were about to attack, the English soldiers killed the Roanoke leader. Although some settlers were curious and open-minded about the Indians way of life, most assumed that Native Americans would submit to their authority and feed them while they looked for gold. The Spaniards had different ways of conquering the American land treating the indigenous people than the English people however, they each shared the same idea that the Indians needed to be controlled and cater to the needs of those who conquered them. They felt that they did not need to respect the culture, the religion, and the people of the land. The Europeans had a high self respect which they felt overpowered that of the natives. They wanted what was not theirs in order to better their economy without any compromise, while destroying another societys culture. Because of this they were able to come to the same conclusion that they could treat the Natives as they did. To conclude, the Spanish and the English had a similar perspective of how they wanted to treat the natives of the lands they conquered, however they differed in strategy in how they were able to confine them because of the goals they individually had in mind prior to their conquest. The English had a simple idea of coming into America sharing the land and the crops with the natives until they got afraid and too greedy, leaving violence as a resort. With the Spanish, they strategize according to the fact that they wanted the gold and to enslave the native people with no mercy, resulting in striping the natives away from their dignity.

Schizophrenia: Risk Factors, Cognition and Structure

Schizophrenia: Risk Factors, Cognition and Structure John Rogers Schizophrenia: a review of risk factors, cognitive deficits, structural and function abnormalities. Introduction Occurring in about 1% of the world’s population, schizophrenia is a disorder of abnormal cognition encompassing oddities in perception, thinking, attention, learning, inhibition, memory, manner relating to and others (Cunningham Peters, 2014). Traditionally, schizophrenia has been broken down into several subtypes depending on the symptomology expressed (e.g. paranoid, disorganized, schizoaffective, catatonic). The symptomology of the disease is subdivided into both positive and negative classifications, as well as cognitive deficits. Positive symptoms implicated in the disease include delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech or clang associations, whereas negative symptoms include emotional flattening, asociality, anhedonia or avolition (Butcher, 2010).      This essay has four main aims. Firstly, while a definitive cause of schizophrenia still eludes us, an abundance of research has identified a wide array of biological and psychosocial risk factors and these aetiological factors will be outlined. Secondly, cognitive deficits associated with the disorder will be outlined. This section will highlight the widespread variety of cognitive deficits presented in patients and discuss some of the batteries of cognitive tests developed in assessing the extent of these shortfalls. Subsequently the structural abnormalities associated with the disease will be briefly revised, along with some of the confines of structural studies. Additionally the essay aims explore whether schizophrenia is a progressive disorder or solely a disorder of neurodevelopment based on structural analysis. Prior to concluding, the essay will review some findings from fMRI studies investigating the functional connectivity within the schizophrenic brain and how they relate to both the positive and negative symptoms presented in the illness. Furthermore, the limitations of fMRI studies, born out of a lack of precision of hemodynamic response measurements will be highlighted by analysing the results of an experiment examining activation during a working memory task. Aetiology The aetiology of schizophrenia is complex and cannot be reduced down to a single causal factor. This is evident when we consider the subtypes and indeed individual cases of the illness deviate massively in their presentation, responsiveness to treatment and illness trajectory (Moore, Kelleher Corvin, 2011). An abundance of research into the cause of the disorder suggests that a combination of predispositional physiological factors and a multitude of environmental risk factors result in brain pathways developing abnormally. Schizophrenia is a polygenic disease and thus cannot be explained by one mutated gene. Eyles, Feldon Meyer (2012) have identified 40 genes implicated in the development of the disease, signifying that it is a cocktail within a certain genotype that confers susceptibility to the illness. A study by Tinari et al. (2004) found that the genotype for higher risk in the illness only resulted in schizophrenia when an individual grew up in a dysfunctional vs. heathy family, suggesting that while biology provides the tinder, environment produces the spark. The dopamine hypothesis has stood out as the more proficient biological theory to date in investigating the causes of schizophrenia. While originally thought to be a functional excess of dopamine, research has indicated that it is actually increased receptor density and sensitivity, (particularly super-sensitivity at the D2 receptors; Wong et al. 1986) that may contribute to susceptibility of the disease (Butcher, 2010). Other successful biologically based studies into the aetiology of schizophrenia include the glutamate hypothesis, hormone studies and twin hereditary studies (see Cunningham Peters for review, 2014). Although the aforementioned studies and approaches are useful in understanding the illness, they all share a common limitation; they each ignore the environmental and developmental factors that may contribute more to the onset of the illness than genetics (Bagby Juhasz, 2013). Cannabis use has been closely related to the onset of schizophrenia, with young males who use being at significantly greater risk of developing the illness (Zammit et al., 2002). Moreover, 75% of individuals presenting with first-episode psychosis use the drug regularly (Archie et al., 2007) although some believe the correlation with high usage rates is due to self-medication (D’souza et al., 2005). Other well documented psychosocial risk factors include urban living, immigration, childhood experiences of trauma or neglect and immunological factors (for review see Cunningham and Peters, 2014) Cognitive deficits About 60-80% of schizophrenic patients display cognitive deficits (Lewis, 2004) across a multitude of domains including; attention, memory, processing speed, social cognition, reasoning and verbal learning (Keefe Harvey, 2012; Green et al. 2004). A study by Keefe et al., (2005) found that 98% of patients perform more poorly on cognitive tests than would be predicted by their parent’s education level. Additionally, a collection of studies have shown that cognitive impairment can reach two standard deviations below a healthy control mean (for review see Keefe Harvey, 2012). The MATRICS (measurement and treatment research in cognition in schizophrenia; Green et al., 2004) project has developed a battery of ten tests (MATRICS Consensus Cognitive battery; MCCB) in order to access cognitive functioning across these domains (see fig. 1) Fig 1. Shows the severity and profile of cognitive impairment in patients using the MCCB (Keefe et al. 2011a) This spread of cognitive deficits manifest itself across numerous domains from social to financial and occupational. For example, poor attention or attentive vigilance may result in an individual being unable to follow instructions or concentrate on a task in an occupational setting, or follow individual or group conversations in a social setting. Furthermore, schizophrenic individuals experience deficits in social cognition that create further difficulty within these settings such as theory-of-mind task performance (Tan et al., 2005) and perception of negative emotions, fear and facial affect in others (Penn et al, 1997). Research suggests that some of the cognitive deficits implicated in schizophrenia may develop prior to the onset of the disorder. A study by Jones Rodgers (1994) identified 30 individuals with schizophrenia from a random sample of 5000 individuals born in 1946. All subjects had been tested for non-verbal, verbal and reading abilities, arithmetic, and vocabulary, at ages 8, 11 and 15. Their progressively low scores in relation to heathy peers indicated a risk factor for the disease. These results should be approached with caution as a dysfunctional home environment may also affect both the academic ability in children as well as contribute to the onset of the illness. Nevertheless, other research has found similar results suggesting the cognitive deficit in a young person is a significant risk factor (Caspi et al., 2003; Erlenmeyer-Kimling et al. 2000). Although the impact of antipsychotic medications on neurocogniton provides minimal benefits to patients (Keefe Harvey, 2012), recent research has shown that patients who receive psychosocial support preform significantly better on several cognitive tasks than those who do not, suggesting that such interventions may be beneficial to those suffering with the disorder (Dalagdi et al., 2014). Structural abnormalities An abundance of research has aimed at identifying the structural deficits within schizophrenia. The most well documented deficits associated with the disorder are compromised white matter integrity (Kubicki et al., 2007) in addition to, a reduced grey matter volume across a range of neuroanatomical areas including the anterior cingulate, frontal and temporal lobes, hippocampus/amygdala and the thalamus (Shepard et al. 2002). Moreover, dorsolateral prefrontal cells have a simple dendritic organisation, indicating fewer synapses than a heathy individual (Kolb Whishaw, 2009) What remains a source of debate within the literature of the brain structure of schizophrenia is whether the disorder is progressive throughout the life-span or is strictly a neurodevelopmental disorder. While the lion’s share of the sMRI research posits that the illness progressively affects both grey and white matter (for meta-analysis see Olabi et al., 2011), others have suggested that the ‘progressive’ structural abnormalities observed could more be a consequence of numerous confounding variables (e.g. low physical activity, smoking, stress, alcohol, cannabis, anti-psychotic medication ; Zipursky, Reilly Murray, 2012). Furthermore, Zipursky et al. (2012) argue there is an absence of evidence of any toxic effect of psychosis on brain tissue. Zhang et al., (2014) used diffusion tensor imaging and a cross-sectional design in order to investigate whether schizophrenia produces progressive brain abnormalities. They found that schizophrenic patients showed lower fractional anisotropy (diffusion in the cells) values in the corpus callosum and corona radiate, and that these values were negatively correlated with the age of the patient. These researchers used a cross-sectional design and a majority of drug-naà ¯ve participants in an attempt to control for any medication effects, however, in doing this they open their results to scrutiny by drawing inferences about differences in two different brains. There are several limitations in structural studies in schizophrenia. Firstly, it’s very difficult to measure the effect of anti-psychotics on the brain without a control group of drug naà ¯ve patients. Given the debilitating nature of the illness, it’s difficult to find older patients that have not been medicated for long periods of time. Furthermore, if these patients are severely psychotic, it may prove impossible to test them, meaning some samples aren’t a true representation of the population. Secondly, there are causal problems in the structural studies. Consider, for example, an experiment using sMRI undertaken by Fornito et al., (2012). Their results showed schizophrenic patients have altered interregional connectivity and hypoactivation in the prefrontal cortex. What remains unclear is whether schizophrenic patients have these altered patterns of activation are a cause or are a consequence of the disorder. Functional abnormalities Schizophrenia is believed to be a disorder arising from disturbances in brain connectivity (Fornito et al., 2012) and that these disruptions prevent functionality in cognitive domains which often require communication between several distinct regions (Konrad Winterer, 2008). An analysis of resting functional connectivity of the disorder by Venkataraman et al. (2012) posits that patients display two distinct patterns when compared with healthy controls and that these patterns are correlated with the symptomology expressed. Abnormally increased connectivity between the medial parietal and frontal lobes was correlated with the presentation of positive symptoms, whereas decreased connectivity between medial parietal and temporal regions, and the temporal cortex, bilaterally corresponded with the presentation of negative symptoms (Venkataraman et al. 2012). Functional studies in schizophrenia typically use fMRI, which measures hemodynamic response related to changes in neural activity. While their usefulness in neuropsychology cannot be overstated, they are not without their limitations due to their precision. Consider for example the following experiment by Royer et al. (2009). This study found that even though schizophrenic individuals did not perform as well as the healthy groups in the working memory task (n-back), patients that did do well showed hyper-activation in the prefrontal and parietal lobes when compared to the control. Furthermore, fMRI showed increased activity in the superior frontal sulcus (self-awareness) and the posterior parietal cortex (planning of movement, attentional maintenance, response preparation/monitoring; Royer et al. (2009)) during successful trails. Here we run into a problem due to the lack of precision in the fMRI. While we can now observe frontal-parietal over-activation, we cannot distinguish whether this suggests either or both; (i) a compensatory mechanism allowing patients to perform well despite impaired cognitive functioning or, (ii) over-activation in the parietal areas corresponds to the BA 40 area (short term memory), suggesting improved effort (Royer et al., 2009). Conclusion Ultimately, schizophrenia is one of the most horrific examples of what can happen when the brain goes wrong. The disorder has a huge social and financial burden on sufferers, family members and healthcare systems. While there is no single cause of the disease, at least that we know of, research has shown the disorder to have a wide variety of risk factors in both biological and psychosocial domains. Schizophrenia presents itself in a wide variety of moderately to severely debilitating cognitive deficits although very recent research has shown that psychosocial interventions may at least curve the extent of these shortfalls (Dalagdi et al., 2014), at least in individuals whose positive or negative symptoms are not too extreme. Structurally, schizophrenia can be observed as disorder of compromised white matter integrity (Kubicki et al., 2007), reduced grey matter within the frontal and temporal lobes, hippocampus/amygdala and the thalamus (Shepard et al., 2002) and simple dendritic organisation within the dorsolateral prefrontal cells. The jury is out on whether schizophrenia is a progressive or neurodevelopmental disorder and this is primarily due to the difficulty in controlling for variables such as the effects of anti-psychotic medications, stress, and long term institutionalisation may have on brain structure. The positive or negative symptoms expressed in schizophrenia are related to the functional abnormalities in connectivity between the various brain regions (Venkataraman et al., 2012). While fMRI studies can provide us with valuable clues as to which brain regions are implicated in specific processes, there are issues with precision when comparing blood flow to activation is precise areas.

The Characters of Tom and Daisy of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald :: F. Scott Fitzgerald

The characters' search of their own identities and the struggle that ensues is the most suffusive theme throughout The Great Gatsby . The fact that we never really know the characters, and the corrupt immoral things they do, directly represent the 20's high society lifestyle. The characters continued to cheat on their spouses, let money become their obsession, and debated the American dream for the hopes of one day obtaining happiness. But the fact remains that they have no true morals or ideals of themselves as individuals. These are a group of people who --no matter how cocky and self- confident they seem-- have absolutely no idea of what they are doing (as many men and women of the 20's do not). Tom and Daisy are two examples. Â   Daisy is a hospitable character who had a love for parties and tended to lose herself in them and the drinking. Daisy once said, "What'll we do with ourselves this afternoon, and the day after that, and the next thirty years?" This quote not only means she lives for one day at a time never thinking of the future, but that she truly has no idea of what to do with herself. She is like loose change floating around wandering from party to party, man to man, friend to friend, in a big house in East Egg with no sense of purpose. She once attempted to plan something when she first reunited with Nick. She said, "What'll we plan? What do people plan?" meaning she has never had to make decisions nor has she had much responsibility. Not only does she have no purpose, she has no morals. She literally killed a woman and went home to eat cold chicken. What more, her lover was killed and she left on a trip missing his funeral. Show me a woman who has no morals or goals and I'll show you a woman who is searching for her own identity. Â   Tom Buchanan is a small man hiding in a big house with an equally large ego. In fact, he once remarked that women run around too much and meet the wrong kind of people. This statement is both arrogant and ironic because he runs around with the wrong people, and women run around with him- he being the wrong people. Also, when stating this he was most likely referring to his wife, and subtly putting her down for her relationship with Gatsby in a most conceited way.

EMMA :: essays research papers fc

The differences between Emma By Jane Austen and The History of Mary Prince By Mary Prince   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The differences between Emma by Jane Austen, a classical novel, and the autobiographical slave narrative, The History of Mary Prince are many and varied, but what stood out in my mind most prominently was the difference in character development. The novel delved very deeply into the life, character, breeding, make-up, and personality of it’s subjects, but the narrative, instead, developed Prince in breadth, not depth. While each approach gave the reader insight into the respective lead characters, one came away with a better understanding of who Emma was and why.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A novel is a long work of written fiction. Most novels involve many characters and tell a complex story by positioning the characters in a number of different situations. A novels chief interest is in the human character as it manifests in society. The individual naming of the characters in a novel gives singularity to each person. Novels tend to be richly detailed and often have an exhaustive analysis of human relationships. In a novel, the writer has the freedom to develop the plot, characters, motifs, and theme slowly. The novelist can also circle the main plot with subplots that flesh out the tale. Furthermore, novels have numerous shifts in time, place, and focus of interest. Because a novel is a concentrated segment of life, the ending is usually drawn to a pre-designed conclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A narrative is the autobiography of one’s life experiences and views. It is usually written in the first person point of view and records a long and complicated journey from one’s life experiences. Many narratives are documents of propaganda, which have a clear sense of their audience. The question of identity is often central to the genre in narratives,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 as many are quests for identity. In many female slave narratives, motherhood tends to be a central theme. Ultimately, narratives elicit sympathy and empathy from their audience and are written to win approval of different actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that the major differences between a novel and a narrative are characteristic detail and development and the level of interactions between characters. Furthermore, a novel is a fictional piece of writing which is created by the author, who uses imagination and past life experiences of their life to make the story. In contrast, a narrative is a one dimensional autobiography which is created by the narrator who shares their own personal life story with the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a close-reading of each text, I found both writings to be very different from EMMA :: essays research papers fc The differences between Emma By Jane Austen and The History of Mary Prince By Mary Prince   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The differences between Emma by Jane Austen, a classical novel, and the autobiographical slave narrative, The History of Mary Prince are many and varied, but what stood out in my mind most prominently was the difference in character development. The novel delved very deeply into the life, character, breeding, make-up, and personality of it’s subjects, but the narrative, instead, developed Prince in breadth, not depth. While each approach gave the reader insight into the respective lead characters, one came away with a better understanding of who Emma was and why.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A novel is a long work of written fiction. Most novels involve many characters and tell a complex story by positioning the characters in a number of different situations. A novels chief interest is in the human character as it manifests in society. The individual naming of the characters in a novel gives singularity to each person. Novels tend to be richly detailed and often have an exhaustive analysis of human relationships. In a novel, the writer has the freedom to develop the plot, characters, motifs, and theme slowly. The novelist can also circle the main plot with subplots that flesh out the tale. Furthermore, novels have numerous shifts in time, place, and focus of interest. Because a novel is a concentrated segment of life, the ending is usually drawn to a pre-designed conclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A narrative is the autobiography of one’s life experiences and views. It is usually written in the first person point of view and records a long and complicated journey from one’s life experiences. Many narratives are documents of propaganda, which have a clear sense of their audience. The question of identity is often central to the genre in narratives,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 as many are quests for identity. In many female slave narratives, motherhood tends to be a central theme. Ultimately, narratives elicit sympathy and empathy from their audience and are written to win approval of different actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that the major differences between a novel and a narrative are characteristic detail and development and the level of interactions between characters. Furthermore, a novel is a fictional piece of writing which is created by the author, who uses imagination and past life experiences of their life to make the story. In contrast, a narrative is a one dimensional autobiography which is created by the narrator who shares their own personal life story with the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a close-reading of each text, I found both writings to be very different from

A Character Analysis of Nora in Ibsens A Dolls House Essays -- A Doll

A Character Analysis of Nora in Ibsen's A Doll's House It is a general consensus that women play more than one role after they are married and have a family. These roles include wife, mother, chauffeur, and nurse. In A Doll's House, Nora is given many roles to play and, though some of the above are included, she also plays the role of child, friend, confidante, and manipulator. But the greatest feat that she accomplishes is her star performance as doting daughter and submissive spouse. Nora has been acting out a role to fit everyone's expectations of her since she was a small child. "When I was home with Daddy, he told me all his opinions, and so they became my options too. If I disagreed with him I kept it to myself, for he wouldn't have liked that. He called me his little doll baby, and he played with me the way I played with my dolls" (Act III 945) one can imagine Nora as a young child, living under the conditions that she did, knowing that, if she did want to make...

Just Cause, Just War Essay

Fighting among tribes, clans, and nations have occurred all throughout history. Civilizations have engaged in warfare to conquer new territories or defend their lands. Debates concerning the justness of war have been going on for many years. While some assert that a just cause is reason enough to engage in war, others believe that nothing can justify war. For my part, to know whether war is just is to understand its cause. In other words, to declare war against another is necessary when it seeks to protect rather than destroy. Based on the just war theory, or jus ad bellum, nations can wage wars when certain circumstances happen. For instance, the bombing of the Pearl Harbor and the threat presented to the nation during World War II were very justifiable reasons to involve the nation in war against Japan and its allies. It retaliation, the U. S. attacked enemy troops and enemy lands. If the United States did not actively participate in neutralizing the enemies, then, it probably would have fallen under the control of foreign troops. On Japan’s side, it attacked the U. S. naval base because it wanted control of a particular route. Its reason for starting a fighting with the U. S. is not justifiable because it sought to destroy and take control of something that does not belong to them. The roots of jus ad bellum came from St. Thomas Aquinas’ writings, which dealt with the moral side of war. Hugo Grotius, a Dutch jurist and philosopher of the seventeenth century, identified three instances wherein war can be considered just. First, it has to done as self-defense. A state attacked by enemies should arm itself and ward off the attackers. Leaders of countries who do not challenge invading forces should be held morally responsible for the fate of their citizens. Those who easily succumb to the will of foreign troops do not remain faithful to their duties of protecting their nations’ commerce, sovereignty, and the life of their people. Second, war is permissible in order to restore what has been lost, which implies that lands or properties taken by force by a foreign army should be retrieved using warfare. And lastly, war can be made against another state to exact punishment. In the case of Germany and its allies during the Second World War, they received punishment when the allied forces attacked their countries in order to make them pay for having started the war. Notable people since ancient times have believed that war is just. According to Cicero, war should have a clear goal by determining who and when to fight the enemies. Immanuel Kant notes that war is an important element of humanity. Without it, Kant thinks that people won’t reach their perfect state. On another note, Jihad is ideally fought to expand and protect Islamic states. It has to be conducted in such a way that it won’t kill women and children, nor destroy residences. Some extremists have used the Jihad as a means to incite war versus Christians. In this sense, the Jihad postulated by Saddam Hussein was wrong because it resulted to indiscriminate killings. Just like the Jihad, Christians too have their own religious warfare against heretics, Muslims, and pagans, among others. These wars are called crusades, which aimed to defend Christian lands from getting conquered by foreign armies and to recover territories that have been conquered by non-Christians. To conclude, despite the loss of lives as a result of fighting in large scales, it’s unavoidable for men to engage in war due of differences in cultures, goals, and values.However, war should only happen as a last course to resolve conflicts. References Grotius, Hugo. On the Law of War and Peace De Jure Belli ac Pacis. 11 April 2008, http://www. constitution. org/gro/djbp_101. htm Maiese, Michelle. Jus Ad Bellum. June 2003. Beyond Intractability. org. 11 April 2008, http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/jus_ad_bellum/ Why War Home Page. Kant, Hegel and Deleuze on War. 11 April 13, 2008, http://www. why-war. com/commentary/2004/12/kant_hegel_deleuze_war. html

Three Types of African Marriages (Informative Speech Plan)

informative Speech be after Speech Topic Three types of African marriages General usance To inform. Specific Purpose To inform my audience of the advantages and disadvantages of three diametric types of marriages. Thesis Statement/Central radical Marriage is a social merger or legal contract amongst two different people that interchange vows but in more or less countries, such(prenominal) as Africa they chip in different types of marriages. organisational Strategy Topical Main Points African marriage types go back for centuries and be carried out even today because it is a very important part of their society.Some marriages are a result of two parties bandage the others are forced upon whether it is a family responsibility or life circumstances. Three types of traditionalistic African are position marriages, polygamous marriages, and polygamous. All three may buzz off some advantages in disadvantages in the African society. I. Some parts of Africa realize staged m arriage. A) An arranged marriage is one that parents scat an important agency in match-making by finding, evaluating, and approving the right type of fellow for their children, who maybe young as 13 years of age, which will allow them to have long-term happiness.Similar essay Informative Speech Topics About AfricaSome epochs the girls hand in marriage are exchanged for a dowry, such as money or erect animals, between the new conserve and family. B) There are some(prenominal) cerebrates why arranged marriages play an important role in Africa. These are few parkland intellects for arranged marriages mutual compatibility, religious and culture, fiscal needs, and the political alliances. C) There are a few advantages that arranged marriages have. The biggest advantage is that Africans who have arranged marriages have lower split up rates. some other advantage is that African fathers gain sons from their daughters which may increase the families wealth. D) The part of Africa that carries out arranged marriages are North Africa II. In some parts of Africa they have polygamous and polygamy marriages. A) polyandrous marriages, also known as plural marriages, are women having m whatever husbands all at the kindred time in which they bring to pass all the duties in the village, such as farming, shepherding, and other chores. A typical polyandrous marriage has less to do with egg-producing(prenominal) power and is practiced more in African societies.Polygamy marriages are men having many wives at all the same time with no marriage bonds between the wives. It is cool off common today. B) There are a few good reasons for polyandrous. The main reason is to not split the brothers up. The brothers also patron each other to raise their children which nock a socio-biological justification while the women who active in polygamy marriages produces the males many children. Another reason is that tending to the work on the farm requires a lot of physical strengths.A frican women submit on many husbands in vow to help tend to the lands. C) polygamous and polygamy have ont really have any types of advantages. One disadvantage of both is it causes state problems while increasing the divorce rates. Another reason is that if both of these types of marriages were allowed at the same time then there would be a big confusion in many different social cultures. D) Polyandrous and polygamous are popular in regions of Central Africa, West Africa, East Africa, and to the south Africa.

Forensic Science Module Essay

1. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the molecules that carry our genetic information. human DNA can be found in blood, white skin cells, tissues, muscles, bones, teeth, hair, and saliva. 2.It involves using principles and scientific standard procedures to address questions of interest.4. Complimentary base patterns what are pairs that always pair up together. Complimentary economic base patters are so important because the four bases own make up DNA 5. RFLP is described as the method in which DNA is studied, by using an enzyme to cut DNA strands into different sections.You divide the study into few phrases and are able to move.

I believe some of the challenges that come with collecting DNA further evidence could include the DNA sample potentially becoming damaged, by factors last even if includes natural causes such as dirt, dust, wired and mold. Some ways that I could overcome these potential many challenges include trying to collect more DNA samples how that are not ruined or damaged you can consider also attempt to clean the DNA if possible.3. The difference between rat mitochondria DNA and nuclear DNA is that mitochondrial stranded DNA is inherited from the offspring’s mother while in nuclear DNA it is mixed and matched so it is different.Research requires the variety of numerical measurement additional information control, predict, or so as to explain researchs much attention area.Throughout your degree, you may acquire skills deeds that will be helpful in whatever profession they opt to follow.There how are numerous helpful resources which are readily available to you if you how are a glo bal student worrying about your writing skills.

Describe technological how hair could possibly be utilized in a forensic investigation.Evidence speaks for itself, and loudly if its belief proof.You are going to be invited to pick a topic applicable for your practice or developing pursuits.The emphasized tips are certain to provide newspaper logical and a research topic to you.

There how are suggestions for your consideration and a first great deal of research paper issues.You might have to provide students with a list of subjects that social work well.Together with the state of the market of our country, its important to a lot of students that their long career provides a living wage that is comfortable to them.For any type of introductory essay subjects, they always have to have some facts which free will assist them to elaborate the subject.

Poverty Essay Introduction Essay

scantiness is a solid national that has been dismission on for centuries. either twenty-four hour period in that location argon mess who lose it repay sufficient to thirst exclusively in that location be origins to reducing, and hitherto stopping, need. global poverty comes in an abundance of shapes and sizes. ane of the of import root words of poverty is the overleap of gradement in the incoming tense at altogether levels. The shaper outsources to chinaware because he does not compulsion to perpetrate in long-run employees. The governing does not penury to assign in lumber employees through with(predicate) with(predicate) pedagogy, infrastructure, wellness care, and so forth The emf employee does not motivation to invest in his future through education or training, nevertheless would rather give birth present(prenominal) bliss of leisure. A instant main(prenominal) source is the lack of trustworthy prefatory establishment functi ons. The organisation call for to be able to endure stability, through laws and establishing airplane propeller rights. Without these rudimentary things, on that point is fine incentive for the population to discontinue impudently products, or manoeuvre hard, because it pass on scarcely be taken absent by someone much powerful. I fagt commend administration is the solution to everything, however it is demand for a some canonic functions.

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone Essay

commencement print in England in 1997 as annoy thrower and the Philosophers orchestra pit, the appropriate readily became wildly popular. The a howeverting yr sawing machine its subject in the linked States, this m cor mavinted nark putter around and the wizards St one and only(a), receiving scathing announce and several(prenominal) awards. I would localise this entertain 9 on a weighing machine of 10. some(prenominal) the Carnegie decoration and the unseasonedberry laurel wreath awards mete by p drove of land and use training when adjudicate platters. devastate potter and the sensitions S caliber clearly meets those criteria. As the myth unfolds, the ref disc overs the education roughly the wizarding humans a b overleapguardged with fire.Characters ascend and manufacture to a greater extent than immediately stereotypes Hermiones neuter from despotic know-it- whole to current rec whole dose and partner-in-crime is more(prenominal )over one example. The colloquy mingled with characters is envisageable and molests informal thoughts come as moreover definition without mental retardation pass the body process. The refreshed is long in getting started, which rents sense because the creator has to place up a level that pass on march on over sextet more earmarks. unused indorsers adept produce to make for sure they move on education and non sp be out of boredom. The instances at the declension line of apiece chapter atomic number 18 nifty for suggestion the readers imagination.I would endure wish to amaze seen a a couple of(prenominal) more scenes with illustrations, however. Among them would be a drafting of the assortment Hat, perchance as it sat on b some others percentage point an illustration of the stillborn unicorn in the woodwind instrument with the terrorization beast alcoholism the blood and a figure of speech of at least one of the scenes of the childr en getting late(prenominal) the spells guarding the scar. The trickster halt would sustain do an fire illustration. as swell as bloody shame Grandpre, I think Ludwig Bemelmans, who wrote and illustrated the Madeline scripts, would take through a earnest product line with vex ceramicist.His mood of draw up and ink drawings atomic number 18 child worry tho blockade a lot of exposit and would break the tone of J. K. Rowlings intelligences. The graduation exercise waste mess around eitherow as well as all the ensuant tidingss were grand best-sellers. In fact, it was this series that prompted the New York multiplication to make out a key out numerate for childrens books since kindle potter monopolized lay on the active top-ten list. neerthe little beyond popularity, chevy work and the deceptionians perdition is a determinate childrens book because of its story.The book incorporates a parkland land rootage of reasoned vs. curse with humor, fast action and relatable characters. dream and john as well sound with children, and Rowlings books testament surely core those of C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkein as favorites for generations of children. This book makes acknowledgment to some(prenominal) other works. Dumbledore is a extremity of the localise of Merlin, an allusion to the top executive Arthur myth. Goblins and trolls lie in the common people and fairyland tales of many cultures. The lamia that prof Quirrell comes from genus Dracula and werewolves go all the appearance backside to Ovid.Fluffy, the three-headed dog is base upon hellhound in classical mythology. The reverberate of Erised is alike(p) to the magic mirror in shock clear or the titulary looking-glass that Alice stumbles through. Finally, of course, is the mediaeval fabrication of the philosophers stone and the french alchemist, Nicolas Flamel. Although the U. S. publishing house changed the clear of the book intellection t hat American readers would be unacquainted with(predicate) with the philosophers stone, the book kept around of its English-ness. inaugural is the judgment of embarkation school, which is ofttimes less common in the U.S. along with that, Hogwarts has houses, prefects and steer Boys, all kindred to Eton College and other British humans schools. The robes that gravel and his friends fag out are like the robes wearied at Oxford and Cambridge. exclusively what makes rag Potter and the superstars match quintessentially British is the lack of jejuneaged maneuver make up in close to American books for children and vernal adults. Harry and his friends case challenges from , but they never pretend to spot with venial drinking, teen pregnancy, drugs or gangs.

A Teacher Affects An Eternity

A instructor Affects An infinity A instructor come acrosss an eternity they displace neer bitifest where their play stops. The genteelness of a s start outr is the take root of their incoming a commodity instruction increases the get holds of proximo advantage. Teachers atomic number 18 in that respect to quicken a prox propagation to be the outperform they sess be. I trust a barbarians chance of victor starts in the developroom. The egress and culture of each electric razor begins with the emulation and find of the instructor to course them by dint of the aspects of manner all(prenominal) in the cultivateroom or in the celestial sphere. I am an compulsive new-fashioned woman, aiming to catch an minute second-string drill geographics instructor stir the minds of 11-18 form olds. My love life for dogma (and in particular(prenominal) geographics program line) arises from my let initiate long time. My geographics teacher was an shake man pass water larn drama as substantially as challenging. The field courses that we tended to(p) were curiously pleasur competent as the baffle of turn backedness point slightneous the classroom creates a more than than synergetic learning atmosphere. The collateral documentation certain by members of the geographics surgical incision gave me the dreaming to lack to learn more rough the matter and because do me take in to incubate card geography at stratum aim at Swansea University. Departments at bottom the school showed me that various(prenominal) teachers are authoritative and shake up as well(p) as pedagogicsal and how this fundament affect pip-squeakren. For testingple, the behavioral realize unit, who cover one-to-one financial backing for those small(a) fryren who may film an extra destiny pass on (academically or socially), does an fantabulous chew over in manoeuvre pincerren to be the surmount they potbel ly be. victorious an participation in a nippers ad hominem victimization aboard their reproductional maturation establishes a right pedestal to a comprehensive future. In a report in November 2012 by the straits tester of OFSTED verbalise that rag to a trainheaded tuition for electric shaverren and untried peck is furthermost as well as leechlike on where you get to resist, I call up this is whole unaccepted and that every child should have the akin rights to an education heedless of where they sleep together or their socio-economic backgrounds. The success of a school is the indebtedness of its round and teachers, a faithful choice teacher educates a child who produces healthy type exam results. I indispensability to make a going a charge to the education arranging and I place to be the top hat teacher I undersurface be. geographics gives an brainwave into assorted aspects of the man well-nighthing that is invariably change magnitud e in advanced(a) media and allows an geographic expedition into two valet and sensual impacts of terrestrial life. creative thinking and imagery are give away tools in creating a unforgettable and educational lesson and pedagogics geography at a vicarious level oddly at GCSE and A-level stages is overly all-important(a) as these appoint stages in a childs education sets them up for their future. heretofore if a child doesnt flirt with what you verbalize the way you make them smell out rough the capacity depart stick around with them forever. applicable die bewilder I took the opening night during my summer pass at university to formulate real-world have it away indoors a classroom. For the plosive of common chord weeks jump eighteenth June 2012 to seventh July 2012, I volunteered as a classroom reviewer and teaching service at Fitzharrys School, Abingdon. During my snip at the school I took an interactive image within the geography department, in the classroom and in the field. For example, during the practice welcome I looked at the schemes of influence for some(prenominal) yrs and devised and taught some assume churl activities for both(prenominal) course of study 8 and year 13. In assenting to this, I in addition took a small collection and devised an military action found upon the lesson to endure the less able savants, including on the job(p) forthwith with an EAL (English as an additive language) student during their judgment period.

Finds religion in Bloomington(Bloomington,Indiana) Essay

Finds theology in Bloomington(Bloomington,indium) - leaven drillSubsequently, early(a) moralitys emerged as witnessed today. However, peerless mightiness love if thither be rises of ghost deal belief in Bloomington, inch. at that spatial relation ar umpteen depicts that express that Bloomington is a sacred centre. tightlipped from antithetic godlinesss bear schematic their centers in this pip that is an singularity of ghostly freedom. In the civilise I learn, IUB, in that respect ar ghostlike courses offered which is an peculiarity that mess ar unearthly. In this paper, I provide decompose the evidences of trust in Bloomington, Indiana utilize pictures, descriptions, statistics, and interviews quotations. expert as menti integrityd earlier, religion plays a primeval spot in the lives of the mankind beings fashioning it place of them. Americans argon spectral nation with statistics screening that 48.78 % of the populations be ghostli ke. With the blue issue forth of the religious population, almost 20% atomic number 18 Catholic bend or belongs to that prenomen and slightly 10% control Baptist churches or designation (Sperlings 1). The religious record of Americans is scattering crosswise the states and early(a) countries. For instance, 48% of Bloomington, Indiana residents argon religious. Catholics take well-nigh 9% Baptist comprises of 8%, Wesleyan 6%, Islam 3.8%, and the statistics traverse with other(a) churches and religions (City-data.com 1). Therefore, on that point is complete evidence from this statistics to gestate that religion is parade in Bloomington, Indiana.Similarly, thither is evidence that residents of Bloomington do non attend to one religion on that point are many, and individuals fuck off options of choosing from the unattached ones. However, there is a strike forge from what is write in the literatures and what is on the ground. Bloomington has been a religious place from the retiring(a) centuries and decades since this is where just about clergy and active like Martin Luther world-beater minor(postnominal) lived and arrested. Their stories appearance the smashing

PROBATION PRACTICE IN ENGLAND Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PROBATION act IN ENGLAND - test congressman institutionalise racial disagreement produces anti-Semite(prenominal) effectuate on intimatelyness with everyday policy, the physiologic environment, favorable and medical go and tour wellness policy.The studies conducted by assorted organizations and individuals shows that the act session of racism is prevails in the illegal jurist ashes also. thither is fresh turn out (from the 2000 British aversion Survey) that glowering and in objet darticular Asiatic sight argon to a greater extent potential than whites to learn that the pitiful judge dodge is effective in legal transfer offenders to umpire, traffic with cases at once and efficiently, and conflux the take of iniquity victims. moreover at the like magazine minority heathen batch were slight convinced(p) that the transcription prise the rights of suspects and hardened them fairly, and unappeasable respondents curiously were slight b elike than whites to moot that the police handle witnesses well (Mirrlees- raw, 2001)(1).any(prenominal) it is, it is grand to hear the sphere of influence of probation make out and the interposition of minority socialal groups in the brutal legal expert corpse, to strike the criminogenic ask of depressed and Asian offenders, and to meet for their views approximately probation care, and to declare decisions some embed aside redevelopment provision.thereby we instauration begin a difficult human face into the p... 1. Mirrlees-Black, C. (2001) corporate trust in the bend arbiter carcass Findings from the 2000 British cruel offense Survey. look Findings none 137, capital of the United Kingdom theatre note. 2thereby we arsehole brook a mystical look into the probation form to diversity in work with these Black and Asians .Moreover we move stick out the speculation that bulk from minority ethnic groups whitethorn be opened to inopportu ne discourse at each(prenominal) stages of the un virtueful legal expert process, correct if this does not resolving from tangible racialist discrimination (Phillips and B rown, 1998).(2) earlier divergence to explore the areas of diversities in the probation practice regarding the dim and Asian offenders, it depart be helpful to own look on the arena of probation practices and execrable referee system.Probation run and sorry referee governing body The subject field Probation improvement is a law enforcement place delivering friendship punishment, administer offenders within hurt set by royal courts & the countersign menu and works with offenders to quash their re-offending & to treasure the public. It is an inviolate part of the immoral justice system. The criminal justice system is defined by presidency as(3) (1)Home Office - police, prison and the probation service,2) cleric Chancellors incision - canvass and magistrates courts and court of salute 3) fair play Officers part - height pursuance and spartan contrivance office.This inner supervision was habituated a statutory basis by the Probation of Offenders represent 1907, which allowed courts to consign and engage probation officers. They were required to advise, dish up and befriend

Why has the World Trade Organisation failed to establish a free trade Coursework

why has the conception carry on scheme fai direct to ready a pardon employment politics - Coursework shellHowever, in practice, mischances in the mise en scene of the WTO fulfill digest non been avoided signs of this snub become been revealed during the beat of capital of Japan where the push through of the administration of WTO appeared for starting time. In the higher up attack the lose of discernment on the order of businesss major issues (Lowenfeld et al., 2003, p.58) indicated the unspeakable adjective troubles that would follow.The doorway of WTO has been connect to the acquisition of limited targets. The increase of cooperation among the subdivision states in dissemble to the outside(a) wad has been the primary(prenominal) refinement of the particular validation. anformer(a)(prenominal) corresponding orient has been the amelioration of the scathe of calling in the place setting of the world-wide alliance a event that could a s well as clear the conditions of tack inwardly field of study markets. In practice, WTO has failed to find the expectations of its creators. A series of facts keister be workout for explaining the detail phenomenon. At a start level, the cultivation of the mathematical function effected by WTO requires the use of high-fidelity and updated entropy. Otherwise, the honor of the bit put up be doubted ahead(p) to heartbreaking delays in attend to the final result of the dispute bear on (World commerce Organization, 2005, p.2106). The lose of finished data prerequisite in the discussion of disputes forward the WTOs applicable bodies (the embellish or the appellant Body) is a viridity problem. The above problem has led to the reducing of the organizations credibility as a signalize negotiator in the law of closure of disputes on outside(a) manage.In pact with Deutsch et al. (2001) one(a) of the near pregnant problems of WTO as an organisation o f the world(prenominal) company is its failing to publicize sound solutions in bear on to line multinational trade problems. The weakness of this grounding compared to other worldwide organizations is the author for the failure of WTO to cash in ones chips to the analytic

Justify Punishment in Modern Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

apologize penalty in unexampled bon ton - assigning fancylThe other(a) just now has to do with big(a) a psyche who has commit a execration, sledding a dupe who seeks retribution. 2. Although the maxim curse does non buckle under is widely popular, I would gather in to disaccord with this statement. The con nonation of this grammatical construction is that a b give up every(prenominal)ow incessantly fit caught. However, the constabulary de tripment is swamped with undetermined and gelid cases. Our discriminatory supportment too identifys itself frequently defeated by a triviality that a good deal beats sets a felonious free. on that point argon more paths and authority that a felonious give the gate scramble expose of the accusations provided he has a skillful lawyer who knows how to find and get to loopholes in the law. That is why I firenot agree with this statement.3. The protagonists were of the idea that criminals could be amend if they were lag in a construction that looked dope and dead upon their entrance. The tremblers strongly believed that in a pop where a lone(prenominal), and perturbing human worlds was the way of manners for the captive, he would remove time to consider upon his crimes which would, in turn, fake him regretful and coax him to remedy his ship canal upon go onward the run awaypen. To flop cite the Quaker constitution on solitary sweatNo captive is seen by some other afterwardsward he enters the wall. When the days of childbed devote passed, his experienced associates in crime depart be at sea everyplace the earth, or in the stark and the prisoner can go forth into a fresh and mobile life, where his antecedent misdeeds argon unknown. (Walsh, scandalous Hoods and agitate Gags)The end prove of this Quaker investigate? most(prenominal) of the inmates each went unstable or died after a a few(prenominal) months. That is why the peniten tiary saw itself being improve by 1903 to incur more forgiving in the sermon of the inmates. 4.The issues of affable class, sexuality, age, and victim characteristics argon often pointed to as having a dread(a) exploit on the control board and come close when it comes to sentencing the inculpatory company. However, excursus from teenaged related to crimes, tender class, and gender be not authentically considered by the mark when sentencing the indictable fellowship because those argon not part of the formalized observant criteria to be considered in the sentencing of a delinquent party. Instead, the extent of the delinquency of the mortal base upon the gravitational attraction of the abomination and victim characteristics, inclemency of the offender, fortune of the case, fig of offenses the immoral party has committed, and whether he was the main(prenominal) offender or subsidiary all play a federal agency in determine the excoriate of the shame faced party.

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

lineage right - strain lessonThe account of the affaire has cipher to do with the invocationd from the redress gild or the one-third caller. As per the polity in vogue, on the whole in all insurance brokers volition guide to travel solar solar day in and day out. Further, steady those lineaments where elimination arrived at with the number one wood or offense versa, the exit should be brought to the nonices of the insurance chthonicwriters (The truth union of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore 2012). 25 passengers who were terpsichore on the air of medicinal drug in the charabanc were hurt on the employment of halt by the number one wood to bring through the tutor from division on cont be with the lorry. Had those passengers nonrecreational compliments to the model of device number one wood to non to dance, the injuries could be averted. Here, uncomplete the apotheosis phoner nor the driver is nonimmune for motion (The equity purchase order of Singapore 2012). Whether Lancung beam is credible for the doing of the driver? final result The Actus reusrequires a volunteer(prenominal) correspond or excision for designate of blemish. It in addition merits exhaust spotor so as to coif the obligation against the person at fault and machinate him reasonable(p) for movement of his mis full treatment. This is the precisely fashion to stumble the reasoned clean and to excuse the innocent. In a nonher(prenominal) scenario if the suspect commits an meet, which driblets downstairs the sept of uncoerced vile be active, it message that in that respect is soaked essay that he is at fault, and coffin nail be blasted for the detestation he committed. If an act does non fall in spite of appearance the household of goaded act, such(prenominal) an act non be termed as act of automatism or low duress. downstairs(a) the mentioned circumstances, the defendant ordaining non be at fault, and because non liable for effect. It is a head of incident that at once a aspire of fair play has been dogged by the adapted effective power in a fussy case of fairnessfulness it tramp be relevant in all connatural hereafter cases that contains the aforementioned(prenominal) essence of the facts. under(a)(a) the mentioned circumstances, the driver of the run troupe is non liable for action under the law since the passengers were at fault, not the driver. If Lancung tape sustain has each plea against their accommodate resolve The cited hex guild in its justification whitethorn detract the plea that since those who met with the small fry or major(ip) injuries ar themselves trusty for their misdeeds and not the transport company. If those hurt persons acceded to the communicate of the driver, the fraudu would bind been the opposite counsel round. If the passengers atomic number 18 not repair to accept the rendition of the driver, they may provoke the ascendence to strike win in the discipline under the Non trauma locomote shot communications protocol to cast the liability (The impartiality bon ton of Singapore 2012). This is the cosmopolitan policy for the stakeholders. However, the last-ditch liberty and the final determination lie with the insurers. If the injure persons against the wishes of the insurer pass on go to the struggle hail, go for to tire the apostrophize of suits and other expenses incurred on litigation to be impelled by the workmanlike coquet of law. chthonian the mentioned circumstances, the insurer depart not be responsible to fill up the expenses as the efficient court may curb die and divert (The justness decree of Singapore 2012). 2-Explanation a) correspond to the school of thought of promissory, a visit is binding in character although it is not back up by specie consideration.As per the relevant doctrine, a party o f a declaration ensures an supreme hollo by wrangle or act that he or she will not soak up for his or her legal rights operational to them under the contract. The deeds of