Positive Reinforcement Techniques For Children With Odd...

Positive reinforcement occurs after a behavior is exhibited in order to insure the behavior will continue. The following research studies used positive reinforcement treatment plans to increased compliance behavior for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder that exhibit stereotypical behavior. The results showed that by using positive reinforcement techniques, children’s disruptive behavior was reduced. Results showed that the positive reinforcement procedures were very effective in various settings such as a school, in home and clinical settings. This paper will discuss the positive reinforcement techniques used to reduce disruptive behavior in children with ODD and ADHD. The purpose of the treatment intervention is to encourage participants to be responsible by putting their toys away when told, by using positive reinforcement. The goal is for participants to learn, how to exhibit good behavior. Positive reinforcement techniques is used to reinforce appropriate behavior among participants with ODD and ADHD. According to Barkley (1997), oppositional defiant disorder is categorized as a pattern of aggressive defiance behavior that lasts for about six months. ODD ranges from moderate non-compliant behavior to total defiant behavior. Children diagnosed with ODD will meet both non-compliance and defiance criteria. A child who is diagnosed with defiance disorder will refuse to listen to a reasonable order and will act outShow MoreRelatedFamily Interventions For Mental Illness Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesPsychoeducation Psychoeducation is one of evidence-based family interventions for mental illness and has been utilised in working with clients with mental illness such as schizophrenia and ADHD and their families. For instance, psychoeducation is appropriate approach to ADHD. A chid with ADHD brings enormous challenges to his family including parenting stress, conflict with siblings, and more. Psychoeducation has been a cognitive-behavioural approach to mental illness. This educational opportunityRead MoreOppositional Defiant Disorder And Mental Health Services2458 Words   |  10 PagesOppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is one of the most common clinical disorders in children and adolescents (Nock, Kazdin, Hirpi Kessler, 2007). Greene et al. (2002) defines ODD as â€Å"a recurrent pattern of developmentally inappropriate levels of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures†. ODD primarily consists of stubborn (e.g., tantrums) and aggressive behavior s that the child attempts to rationalize based on the circumstances rather than view as consequentialRead MoreBehavior Disorders1059 Words   |  5 PagesBehavior Disorders (Emotional Disturbance Pg 207-210) I. Facts: * Behavior disorders include mental health problems with a focus on behaviors that both identify emotional problems and create interpersonal and social problems for children and adolescents in the course of their development. * Currently, students with such disorders are categorized as having a serious emotional disturbance, which is defined under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Public Law 101-476, as follows:Read MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1761 Words   |  8 PagesPerceptions of ADHD Introduction My name is Rachel Pankin and I am an undergraduate at George Mason University studying Developmental Psychology and Applied Behavioural Analysis. This paper is an analysis and comparative of ADHD with Autism and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, along with in-depth analysis of the IRIS Modules Perceptions of Disability and Classroom Management: Learning the Components of a Comprehensive Behavior Management Plan, and the documentary â€Å"Medicating Kids† by PBS. I choseRead MoreAttention Defecit Hypeactive Disorder2275 Words   |  9 Pages ADHD is a chemical imbalance, that is characterized by hyperactivity, inability to focus, and impulsivity. The disorder is more prevalent in boys than girls, also there are secondary issues that go along with this diagnosis. Depression anxiety, and some learning disorders are to name a few. As researchers have shown, the consistent characteristics are â€Å"Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and distractibility which typically ma nifest as a loss of self-control, poor self- regulation and aRead MoreOppositional Defiant Disorder Case Studycase Study4246 Words   |  17 PagesTable of Contents Title: Page: Special Education in Ireland 1 What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?(ODD) 3 What Causes ODD? 3 Symptoms of ODD 4 How Is ODD Diagnosed? 4 What is the Treatment for ODD? 5 Prognosis 5 Emotional and Practical Implications on the Family 5 Resources Available 6 Role of the Interdisciplinary Team 7 Elements of Good Practice 7 Conclusion and Personal LearninRead MoreOppositional Defiant Disorder Case Studycase Study4258 Words   |  18 PagesTable of Contents Title: Page: Special Education in Ireland 1 What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?(ODD) 3 What Causes ODD? 3 Symptoms of ODD 4 How Is ODD Diagnosed? 4 What is the Treatment for ODD? 5 Prognosis 5 Emotional and Practical Implications on the Family 5 Resources Available 6 Role of the Interdisciplinary Team 7 Elements of Good Practice 7 Conclusion and Personal Learnin 8 BibliographyRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1995 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is ADHD? According to the Royal Australian College of Physician’s Draft Australian Guidelines (2009, pg 6), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined as a pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically seen at any given stage of development. There are two main categories in which children with ADHD typically exhibit behaviour: poor sustained attention and hyperactivity impulsiveness. As a result, the APA in the fourthRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Essay3219 Words   |  13 Pagesreferring to is called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Approximately fifteen million Americans suffer from this disorder yet around the country there are probably thousands of people, just like my parents, who fail to recognize or seek help regarding cases of ADHD. The problem lies in the ignorance of the population. ADHD has dramatic cognitive and behavioral effects on children and without awareness of the symptoms of ADHD, parents, teachers, and students alike are left without the necessaryRead MoreAtypical Child and Adolescent Development3169 Words   |  13 Pagesverbal deficits of conduct disorder. †¢ What part does co-occurring ADHD play in the cognitive and verbal deficits? †¢ What is thought to be the underlying factor of learning problems of conduct disordered children? †¢ Self-esteem deficits in CD †¢ Be familiar with the two types of family dynamics often found in the homes of CD children. †¢ Prevalence of ODD and CD- life time prevalence rate of ODD and CD are 10% (11% for males 9% for females) and 9% respectively (12% for

Memento the Movie Essay - 660 Words

In the film Memento, written by director Christopher Nolan, the main character Leonard Shelby, is a confused and damaged man that wants the revenge for the murder of his wife. We can say that Lenny lives in his own world uniquely different from everyone else. The reason for this is his inability to store short term memory and convert into long term memory. This disability renders Lenny’s life into a repeatable lifestyle and has to start from scratch about every 15 minutes. The only source he has is to go back to is his notes and tattoos he discovers every morning on his body. It seems as though he only has his past memories but the only memories we learn about in the movie is about Sammy Jenkins and the murder of his wife. I think that†¦show more content†¦Since they fill up his mind with many lies, his whole world is a big lie. The things that Lenny knows about his world is the kind of certainties that people take for granted, like objects that your memory recognized right away. In this quote, Lenny decribes how his memory plays a big role on how he knows some objects and how we take that for granted. â€Å"Leonard Shelby: I know what thats going to sound like when I knock on it. I know thats what going to feel like when I pick it up. See? Certainties. Its the kind of memory that you take for granted.† He also does know everything thing that happened with his wife. He flashes back in a few segments and replays everything that happened when his wife dies. Lenny remembers past memories about his world like it happened yesterday. He remembers Sammy Jenkis with his condition and can’t seem to forget him. I found a good quote that Lenny says. It describes his own world and how he feels about it. Leonard Shelby: â€Å"I have to believe in a world outside my own mind. I have to believe that my acti ons still have meaning, even if I can’t remember them. I have to believe that when my eyes are closed, the world’s still there. Do I believe the world’s still there? Is it still out there?†¦ Yeah. We all need mirrors to remind ourselves who we are. I’m noShow MoreRelatedMovie Review: Memento746 Words   |  3 PagesMovie Review: Memento Once in a while, a movie turns up and gives extreme experience to viewers. Memento is one of these movies and calls a lot from the viewers. This is not a movie that nearly every audience will be able to grasp without difficulty. When one is passive while viewing this movie, he or she will end up not seeing significant parts of the story as the film is done in reverse to demonstrate the dilemma of the leading role, Leonard. The story line is imparted in a mixed-up manner, havingRead More Memento as a War Movie Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesand it utilized prominently in war movies. A one-sided view point is the only way to create a plot. As the erasure of memories is used in war movies, it can also be seen by Leonard Shelby in Memento. Through this idea, I will prove that Memento is a type of war movie. Jonathan Romney clearly summarizes Memento as an â€Å"at-heart film noir in classic 1940s vein -- the story of a man investigating his wifes death. True to form, there is a mysterious femme fatale and a sly, ambivalent character who couldRead MoreChristopher Nolan s Memento : Movie Analysis903 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie that I decided to examine is Christopher Nolan’s Memento. The movie was set in a backwards chronological order meaning that the movies storyline was moving backwards so the sequence of events were backwards as well. The movie starts with Leonard, portrayed by Guy Pearce, shaking an instant photo but the image blurs instead of developing into the actual shot; confirming the reverse storyline. Leonard reveals that he is suffering from a medical condition due to an injury that prevents hisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Memento We Come Across A Diner Scene 891 Words   |  4 PagesIn Memento we come across a diner scene where we see Teddy trying to help Le onard realize that living his life day by day based solely on pictures and notes can be problematic. In this scene Teddy says, â€Å"Lenny, you can’t trust a man’s life to your little notes and pictures. Because your notes could be unreliable.† Christopher Nolan directed Memento in 2000, which is adapted from â€Å"Memento Mori† written by Jonathan Nolan in 2000. Both Memento and â€Å"Memento Mori† tell a story about a man who uses photographsRead MoreIn the Moment Essay600 Words   |  3 PagesTime is an absurdity, an abstraction. The only thing that matters is the moment. (Nolan 12). If this is true, then in the story Memento Mori and the movie Memento, it is ironic how the main character, Leonard, who is suffering from severe memory loss, is constantly trying to figure out the past, even though he knows he will not remember it once he learns what has happened. His wife is dead, and he is searching through a system of notes and Polaroid picture s for her killer. Though the story isRead MoreEssay on Memento858 Words   |  4 Pages Memento Memento is a movie directed by Chris Nolan. It was released in 2000. The leading actor is Guy Pearce. Carrie Anne Moss and Joe Pantoliano are also in this movie. Memento is a perplexed thriller. Leonard, the main character, is excellently played by Guy Pierce. He is constantly confused, yet still acts in a nonchalant way. Teddy (Pantoliano) and Natalie (Carrie Anne Moss) play puzzling characters, throughout the whole movie the viewer questions, whether they may or may not be Leonard’sRead MoreChristopher Nol An American Film Director, Screenwriter, And Producer And Auteur.847 Words   |  4 Pagesthe smartest, most creative, and successful directors in the film industry today.He is widely recognized after his first successful feature movie Following(1998),a noir thriller film.Which was recognized at a number of international film festival.Common themes and actors can be seen throughout Christopher Nolan’s films,he is also famous at narrating the movie in a non linear way.In the next paragraph im going to discuss why would i consider him as one of the best modern times auteur. One of theRead MoreThe Cultural Analysis of Memento1208 Words   |  5 PagesMemento is an odd but successful film, and it is also an outstanding and influential cultural work. As an unusual crime film, it uses unconventional non-linear narrative structure to tell a story that a man with a unique type of amnesia investigate his wife’s murder. However, if we watch carefully, we would find Memento involves the real social cultural background. Memento was released in 2000 when was the beginning to enter the 21st century. It was the time that technology was developing intoRead MoreThe Short Term Memory Loss1585 Words   |  7 PagesAmina Diini Donavon Davidson English Composition 11/22/16 The Short-term Memory Loss Memento is a great, unforgettable movie. Events throughout the film unfold in a confusing and complicated way. The movie starts from the end of the beginning, in a nonlinear narrative. At times, the story seems backward: after the main character, Leonard, loses his memory, he can only remember up to his wife s brutal murder; he can t create newRead MoreFilm Analysis of Memento Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesFilm Analysis of Memento Columbia Tristar Films starring Guy Pearce, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Joe Pantoliano released â€Å"Memento† in 2001. The movie was produced by Suzanne and Jennifer Todd, and was directed by Christopher Nolan. Christopher Nolan also wrote the short story and screenplay. This film is about a man named Leonard, played by Guy Pearce, who suffered a major brain injury to the hippocampus that left him with a rare memory disorder called anterograde amnesia

Salman Rushdie Free Essays

Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie is unarguably one of the most controversial contemporary English novelist. His novelistic sensibility is individualistic and entrepreneurial, making him a literary risk-taker even at the age of 58. He hates all orthodoxies-religious as well as literary. We will write a custom essay sample on Salman Rushdie or any similar topic only for you Order Now His literary iconoclasm has won him a distinguished place in pantheons of worlds contemporary writers. Whereas his religious iconoclasm has made him an infamous figure amongst the Muslims worldwide. He stands for free speech in writings. His novels are often political statements. ‘The Satanic Verses’ brought this Indian born Muslim uthor violent ire from Muslim world. The novel was interpreted as blasphemous and an insult to prophet Muhammad. Overnight Rushdie became an iconoclast for his blasphemy. It was the first instant in modern times that a government had issued a death sentence ‘ fatwa, in Islamic fashion’ to a foreign national. And the censorship on this novel by the Islamic countries caused much international diplomatic crisis. The Western and the Muslim world was now culturally divided. The core value of ‘ freedom of expression ‘ was pitted against the ‘intolerance for insult to Prophet. Muhammad’ , the messiah of Muslims. The novels of Salman Rushdie evoked much controversy even before The Satanic Verses. Rushdie as a writer played the role of an ‘antagonist to the state. ’ Many have called Rushdie an intellectual who criticizes or ridicules nearly everything. It is this intellectual daring that offends and embitters people. His books attack and revile the Gandhis and modern India, the leadership in Pakistan,American foreign policy,fundamentalist Islam and Britain et al . He critisizes the West for their social, cultural and political colonialism. His ttacks come with his charecteristic non-chalance, typical of him. If Rushdies views are to be interpreted, ‘ insults’ are justified as a part of artistic freedom which should ensure liberty to ‘offend’ cherished beliefs. Rushdie is a self-confessed aposta te. This further provokes the ire of Muslim clerics. This essay begins by assuming that ‘intellectualism’ is not an end in itself and therefore should be sensitized to the needs of global audience. Reason in art should not evoke passions, else, it shall defeat it’s own purpose. An artists reason should be in harmony with his own passion for art. In ‘Kahlil Gibran’s’ words , a man’s reason and passion are the rudder and sails of the seafaring soul. If either of them is broken he can but toss and drift or be at standstill in mid-seas. There is even a school of thought advocating ‘Art for art’s sake’. Politicizing art has it’s own perils . A political statement made through a literary or artistic work in truth further divides the society. History is replete with examples of civil unrest caused when artist makes a political statement through his work of art. Hence, the people are ‘right to be offended’ by Rushdies novels. However, Rushdies novels have often offended people because of misinterpretation or rumors. He has been considered to be siding with the West instead of the Islamic Orientalists. The language of the book ‘ English’ was a matter controversy. His novels have been considered to be based upon flights of literary imagination, subjectivity and unscientific facts. Hence there have been numerous complaints about the novels inaccuracies; lack of critical appraisals and historical research. The Muslim world limits free speech as a part of it’s religious ethics and ethos. They are not yet prepared for he concept of free speech and blasphemy against religion. The gulf between the Christian West and Muslim Middle-East remains and has Historical roots mentioned in the holy books like Bible and Qur’an. Hence any artistic work by an individual iconoclast might be considered as a war propaganda of America and Britain against Islam. What adds fuel to this fire is that despit e the passionate protests by the Muslim world many Western governments didn’t ban The Satanic Verses. The Western media widened the gulf between the Muslim protesters and Rushdies supporters. Far from peace making efforts it spiced the affair. Rushdie earned $ 2 million USD in the first year of publication of ‘The Satanic Verses’. The ‘ Fatwa’ ,bans and international protests only gave Rushdie more publicity. The public got the much wanted spice. The West has become immune to taboo and sacrilege. Blasphemy is nothing new. Many controversial and dangerous works of art are freely available in the West. Blasphemy against Jesus doesn’t shock the West anymore. The Nazi holocaust portrayed in many films sells defying controversies. There is much cynicism in the West. Perhaps a consequence of too much progress with materialism. Consequentially, there is utter disregard to human sensitivities. The West just can not understand the cultural apparatus in which the Muslims are brought up. Islam is most sacred to them. Satanic Verses thus caused hurt and anger to the Muslims. The media too turned away from the Muslims during and after the Rushdie Affair. Muslims felt estranged and isolated. The West gauges other societies with their ability to assimilate into their own society. Muslims were portrayed as narrow- minded ‘fanatics’ and ‘fundamentalists’ because they were ‘anti-democratic’ and ‘anti- liberal’. After the Rushdie Affair the anti-Islamic sentiment was reborn in the West. The anti-Islamic tradition has been depicted in Western literature even in the Medieval period. Rushdie offended the Muslims with direct derogatory references to Prophet Mohammad and his companions. The texts in his novel ‘ The Satanic references ‘ cast aspersion on the chastity of the supremely revered prophet Muhammad. He rebukes the Muslim society to the extent of calling it Jahil ( Ignorant). Western critiques use their own yardsticks to measure Muslim reactions and literary attacks on them. Muslims have been ontinually offended by Rushdie. Adding insult to injury his publishing company, Random House, announced publishing a new paperback edition of The Satanic Verses on April the 7th 1998; the day Muslims celebrate Eid Ul-Adha, the holiest day of the Islamic calendar ( Abdul Adil’s article ‘Rushdie Provokes Muslims’, The Muslim News, 24th April 1998). Rushdies adventures with the pen don’t end up with ‘The Satanic Verses’. He paints a dismal and grotesque picture of Pakistan. Many orthodox patriotic Pakistani Muslims would protest it. He describes Pakistan as being caught between bscurity and march towards modernism. In the novel ‘Shame’ he makes a mockery of the political turmoil, military coups, corruption and censorship on art in Pakistan. In his characteristic style he chooses the characters of his novels based upon real life political figures. He writes political satires that insensitively ridicule these political figures and the political establishments themselves. In ‘The Moor’s Last Sigh’ Salman Rushdie lashes at Hindu fanaticism. Rushdies ‘Hindu fanatic character’ is convinced of eliminating Muslims from India. Bombay bursts into flames of communal riots. He comments Bombay is no more the city of his youth days – the bustling metropolis. He now describes it as a city of religious fanatics and mafia dons. The book is about the countries departing from harmless and innocent way of life. In the novel the downfall of a family portrays the downfall of a nation. The Rushdie compares Hindu fundamentalism with the Nazi racist ideology justifying minority genocide. Rise in Hindu fervor, popularly known as ‘the saffron surge’ can be considered as a representation of a Hindu political stance. His comparative analysis with Nazism in World War –2 Germany is taking things a little bit too far. This might offend many Hindu conservatives. In this way Rushdie exaggerates the spurt in Hindu activism to the extent of being destructive to India as a secular nation. In ‘Midnight’s Children’ he accuses Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India of assuring the Hindu majority vote by appropriating the images of Hindu Goddesses. He accuses right wing Hindu’s of distorting History and accuses them of taking revenge from History. He criticizes all political parties in India on some or the other ground and spares none. Conclusion : Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the people are right in being offended by Rushdies novels. He doesn’t censor his own flamboyant spirit as a writer. His personal dislikes bias his literary works. Iconoclasm should be ventured if it is tolerable. Rushdies daring intellectual attacks in his literary works reflect his insensitivity towards peoples core beliefs. What offends people even more is that he doesn’t regret the damage that people assume he causes. Perhaps he is too ahead of the people in time. A fact that he himself doesn’t realize. The gulf between the liberal West and the predominantly Oriental. East can’t be bridged overnight. Especially not with a few strokes of the pen. In an ideological conflict between these two rival parties other groups with vested interests make gains. For example : the Western media, the oil companies etc. 9/11 and it’s aftermath have heightened the tension and sensitivity in the relations between the West and the Muslim world. In this scenario his novels could be even more offensive. They could act as catalysts and trigger violent protests. The 9/11 terrorist attack has once again opened the wounds and the scars left by crusades in the course of History. Rushdie is anti-establishment. He has to take this stance as he is by nature against all orthodoxies. His works are political statements in themselves. The political satires he writes win him political ire. He makes rivals not only out of individuals and groups but also out of political establishments. Even the purpose of his intellectual activity, journey and destination are unknown. Sheer intellectual activity leads nowhere. Intellect is like a knife that cuts both ways. It hurts both the parties. The sea of life can be crossed only in an arc of faith. How to cite Salman Rushdie, Papers

Early Childhood Transition in Education-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Early Childhood Transition in Education. Answer: Description of a rational experience According to Brostrom, 2005 transition is the undertaking change that a child experience with their families when they move from home setting to their formal school. However, a child can deal with this new setting successfully if they are readily accepted by the school (Ebbeck et al., 2013). Transition affects the continuous potential of the child to retaliate and adjust to the requirements of the school environment. Transitions shape a long-lasting matrix of a childs life by which all children as well as adults advances slowly from known to unknown domains of experiences (Wagner et al., 2013). These transitions are a landmark on the lane from infancy past a mature adult. Every stage incorporates a parting from a known environment and an access into an unknown one. However, in a case study of Zoe who has just moved to Singapore from Japan is having difficulty to pick up the foreign language being in a local preschool, which speaks mainly the English language. An educator here has a major role to play and they are the one who helps in the development of the child (Denham, Bassett Zinsser, 2012). Transitions in young childhood education and care giving environments as well as latter in schools are significant landmarks for children and their families as well. The changeover into the school is usually important though few children are willing for this change than other children are in cognitive, non-cognitive and group skills. This so-called readiness for school has displayed to be prophetic of educational prosperity throughout the years in school and of lifelong educational and professional prosperity. Particularly, this change towards school must never be considered a point-in-time incident, but as a route that starts well before one enters the school and sustains into the initial years of schooling. Childrens continuous victory in the institution obtains from their educational skills prior school and the happening surrounding of knowledg e in the advanced years of schooling (Adams Fleer, 2015). This report however discuses about the transition experience emphasizing on the case study of Zoe and focusing on the change as an opportunity for complex learning and then choosing one image an analyzed is done based on the understanding of transition and change. Then the selected image is analyzed with relevant literature keeping in mind Zoes condition in the above case study. Lastly, it is concluded with the changes that can be brought out in the transition. Rationale for selected image Image 1:- The leap The reason behind choosing this particular image is that here a child is been seen taking a jump from one point to another and similarly, there is a major leap in childrens life when he actually jumps from home environment to the educational surroundings. Thus, transition is like a leap. There are many transitions in life, which a child goes through, but it begins with the play school or care giving environments in which they first step in. Zoes transition has begun with her readiness to school which itself a controversial topic as this word readiness differs to every people. Readiness for schooling in case of children comprises of five aspects when includes their healthy physical conditions and full motor development, appropriate development in social and emotional ability in the child, the childs configuration towards learning, right development of verbal abilities and cognitive and general knowledge regarding particular culture and social practices (Dockett Perry, 2009). Zoes transition will help her to move forward in life and so she can learn to socialize with people who are not her family members. She can meet other children of the same age group and transfer them into their friends circle. In addition, this will help her to get away with her shyness and will gain confidence. The child also learns sharing and cooperation with others (Galindo Sheldon, 2012). This transition from safe and dependent environment takes the child to a new surrounding where they has to survive on their own and so in this process of survival they learns to cooperate with others. Children in this transition also learns to show respect, teamwork, resilience, being attentive, patience, self esteem and also get a chance to be exposed to diversity. However, for Zoe this transition seems to have been very challenging, as she has to acquire a new language all together. (Rosier McDonald, 2011). Relevant literature As an educator the factors, which I found effective in Zoes transition phase, is the role of educator, the impact of the culture and family. Educators build the intimate and strong relationship with the infants. In addition, here in Zoes case, educators special attention is very much needed. The interactions they make daily with the children because this interaction actually helps the child to comfort them in distress, sort the conflicts and supports and observe their play activities, change their diapers, help them take a nap and moreover the educators shares the childs victory as well as failure in this transition process. However, this interaction with other children as well as with the educator will help Zoe deal with the transition. The contribution of the educator follows with the impact of culture.I would like to share my own experience where I never shared the identical values like the children or their families in our care. Thus, the kin differ greatly in their belief system regarding what part their children should play in the community, which often is reflected among their children. Culture varies widely in the practices that the families follow in rearing their children. Moreover, the important of family lies in this transition because before going through this transition the basic preparation that the child gets is from their family. Family is the base from where the childs development and growth starts and it actually helps them to take the challenges in transition (Laverick Jalongo, 2011). Many educators and researchers know Bronfenbrenners model of nested concentric circles that situates the child in the middle (Ryan, 2001). It further centers on the different contexts in which individuals exist and relates at the junctions of these contexts. Goodnow Burns, 1985 questioned around hundreds children who are of 6-year-old from primary institutions in Australia about their likes and dislikes of beginning primary school. Against the various reactions, it was summoned that small matters actually have importance to them and so it was concluded that they are vulnerable by nature (Woodhead Faulkner, 2000). In another study of Adams Fleer 2015, they concentrated on the numerous transitions of an Australian emigrant family shifting from Saudi Arabia to Malaysia. This paper comes up with fresh transitions as a rational relationship among the global and small movements where belongings of the children's act as significant cultural device for helping the worldwide move. However,a new outlook on transitions as emotional charged events is postulated, donating to comprehensions of thenotion of transitionas an affective connection between a global shift and a smaller movement during the procedure of implanted personal belongings into the latest local context. A research by Redden et al., 2001 the only inspection to inspect the influence of a complete change in the kindergarten development intervention on child results in kindergarten. The writers suggested that a precaution consequence might have appeared such that the involvement that was especially successful for children at possibility for Mentally Retard and Emotional Disturbance due to the profit of the assistance provided by the family and obstructive referrals and conceals. Another research study Hamblin-Wilson Thurman, 1990 propose that young childhood special education labors are precious resources to kin because disabled children shifts to kindergarten. However, the participation of receiving basic schools may be nominal. This can owe, in parts, to little facilities and the recognition that transition executions are unpractical to execute. In another study by Ebbeck, 2013 on transition which manifested that a favorable transition can help the child throughout life and lay the pathway to prosper in succeeding years of schooling. The study by Copeland et.al, 2013, evaluated design of diagnostically transition from early childhood to puberty and again from puberty to prior adulthood. The result that he pointed out was with having a disturbance at an advanced time was related with not less than a multiple growth in probability for having a disturbance at a subsequent time. Homotypic and heterotypic transitions are also noticed for every group of disorders. The powerful proof of progression was viewed for behavioral disorders especially ADHD with minimal confirmation for emotional disorders like depression and anxiety. Restricted proof came up in regulated representations for behavioral disorders forecasting further emotional disorders. Adult substance disorders were advanced by behavioral disorders, but neither anxiety nor depression. According to Hughes, Banks Terras, 2013 well to do transition from junior to secondary school is influential for psychosocial welfare. Those children with special educational needs (SEN) may be concern with supplementary complexities in transition, but the effect of this operation on children's psychosocial adaptation had obscured. Apart from these declared studies that were recognized throughout an organized exploration of six electronic sequences. Further, review was done on articles that were attaining additional criteria and a standard benchmark system was evolved to grade the studies. Conclusion Thus, to conclude it can be said that as we have gathered our knowledge regarding what transition is and how impactful it is in a lifetime. Therefore, from my point of view the learning outcomes that I came up with are that in this process it is important that the toddler get the appropriate care from the teachers or the caregivers. For us it is a kind of challenge to build that relationship with the child but an advantage is that we can simply rely on the way we have been parented or the social myths we have about children. However, in Zoes case to make her succeed can be through parental involvement, family solidarity and educators sensitivity about linguistic and cultural inheritance. Children do have a tendency to adapt quickly to new environments if proper support and help is provided to them and so they just need support and comfort. Often parents fail to understand the importance of transition planning and so they are unaware of where to get the right information from about a beneficial place for their children. The requirements for those children are with disabilities that actually require special care and attachment from the families as well as the teachers. However, it may look quite complicated in comparison to childrens without disability. As I have understood, this jump from one point to another is crucial and any kind of fall can remain like a scare for a lifetime. The family for this transition plays an important role in preparing children to take up the challenges and so their involvement is highly important. From family environment children feel safe and warm and it is a dependable environment for them from here when their base shifts to an unknown place they learn interaction, cooperation and become independent by interacting with peers and teachers. It is from here that they built up the trust factor s and gains the courage to face the challenges latter in life. References Adams, M., Fleer, M. (2015). Moving countries: Belongings as central for realizing the affective relation between international shifts and localized micro movements.Learning, Culture and Social Interaction,6, 56-66. Brostrom, S. (2005). Transition problems and play as transitory activity. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 30(3), 1725. Copeland, W. E., Adair, C. E., Smetanin, P., Stiff, D., Briante, C., Colman, I., ... Angold, A. (2013). Diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence to early adulthood.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,54(7), 791-799. Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., Zinsser, K. (2012). Early childhood teachers as socializers of young childrens emotional competence.Early Childhood Education Journal,40(3), 137-143. Dockett, S., Perry, B. (2009). Readiness for school: a relational construct.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,34(1), 20. Ebbeck, M., Saidon, S. B., nee Rajalachime, G., Teo, L. Y. (2013). Childrens Voices: Providing Continuity in Transition Experiences in Singapore.Early Childhood Education Journal,41(4), 291-298. Galindo, C., Sheldon, S. B. (2012). School and home connections and children's kindergarten achievement gains: The mediating role of family involvement.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,27(1), 90-103. Goodnow, J. J., Burns, A. (1985). Home and school: A childs eye view. London: George Allen Unwin. Hamblin-Wilson, C., Thurman, S. K. (1990). The transition from early intervention to kindergarten: Parental satisfaction and involvement.Journal of Early Intervention,14(1), 55-61. Hughes, L. A., Banks, P., Terras, M. M. (2013). Secondary school transition for children with special educational needs: a literature review.Support for Learning,28(1), 24-34. Laverick, D. M., Jalongo, M. R. (Eds.). (2011).Transitions to early care and education: International perspectives on making schools ready for young children(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Perry, B., Dockett, S., Petriwskyj, A. (Eds.). (2013).Transitions to school-international research, policy and practice(Vol. 9). Springer Science Business Media. Rosier, K., McDonald, M. (2011).Promoting positive education and care transitions for children. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Ryan, D. P. J. (2001). Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory.Retrieved January,9, 2012. Wagner, J., Ldtke, O., Jonkmann, K., Trautwein, U. (2013). Cherish yourself: Longitudinal patterns and conditions of self-esteem change in the transition to young adulthood.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,104(1), 148. Woodhead, M., Faulkner, D. (2000). Subjects, objects or participants? Dilemmas of psychological research with children. In P. Christensen A. James (Eds.), Research with children: Perspectives and practices (pp. 935). London: Falmer Press

Early Childhood Transition in Education-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Early Childhood Transition in Education. Answer: Description of a rational experience According to Brostrom, 2005 transition is the undertaking change that a child experience with their families when they move from home setting to their formal school. However, a child can deal with this new setting successfully if they are readily accepted by the school (Ebbeck et al., 2013). Transition affects the continuous potential of the child to retaliate and adjust to the requirements of the school environment. Transitions shape a long-lasting matrix of a childs life by which all children as well as adults advances slowly from known to unknown domains of experiences (Wagner et al., 2013). These transitions are a landmark on the lane from infancy past a mature adult. Every stage incorporates a parting from a known environment and an access into an unknown one. However, in a case study of Zoe who has just moved to Singapore from Japan is having difficulty to pick up the foreign language being in a local preschool, which speaks mainly the English language. An educator here has a major role to play and they are the one who helps in the development of the child (Denham, Bassett Zinsser, 2012). Transitions in young childhood education and care giving environments as well as latter in schools are significant landmarks for children and their families as well. The changeover into the school is usually important though few children are willing for this change than other children are in cognitive, non-cognitive and group skills. This so-called readiness for school has displayed to be prophetic of educational prosperity throughout the years in school and of lifelong educational and professional prosperity. Particularly, this change towards school must never be considered a point-in-time incident, but as a route that starts well before one enters the school and sustains into the initial years of schooling. Childrens continuous victory in the institution obtains from their educational skills prior school and the happening surrounding of knowledg e in the advanced years of schooling (Adams Fleer, 2015). This report however discuses about the transition experience emphasizing on the case study of Zoe and focusing on the change as an opportunity for complex learning and then choosing one image an analyzed is done based on the understanding of transition and change. Then the selected image is analyzed with relevant literature keeping in mind Zoes condition in the above case study. Lastly, it is concluded with the changes that can be brought out in the transition. Rationale for selected image Image 1:- The leap The reason behind choosing this particular image is that here a child is been seen taking a jump from one point to another and similarly, there is a major leap in childrens life when he actually jumps from home environment to the educational surroundings. Thus, transition is like a leap. There are many transitions in life, which a child goes through, but it begins with the play school or care giving environments in which they first step in. Zoes transition has begun with her readiness to school which itself a controversial topic as this word readiness differs to every people. Readiness for schooling in case of children comprises of five aspects when includes their healthy physical conditions and full motor development, appropriate development in social and emotional ability in the child, the childs configuration towards learning, right development of verbal abilities and cognitive and general knowledge regarding particular culture and social practices (Dockett Perry, 2009). Zoes transition will help her to move forward in life and so she can learn to socialize with people who are not her family members. She can meet other children of the same age group and transfer them into their friends circle. In addition, this will help her to get away with her shyness and will gain confidence. The child also learns sharing and cooperation with others (Galindo Sheldon, 2012). This transition from safe and dependent environment takes the child to a new surrounding where they has to survive on their own and so in this process of survival they learns to cooperate with others. Children in this transition also learns to show respect, teamwork, resilience, being attentive, patience, self esteem and also get a chance to be exposed to diversity. However, for Zoe this transition seems to have been very challenging, as she has to acquire a new language all together. (Rosier McDonald, 2011). Relevant literature As an educator the factors, which I found effective in Zoes transition phase, is the role of educator, the impact of the culture and family. Educators build the intimate and strong relationship with the infants. In addition, here in Zoes case, educators special attention is very much needed. The interactions they make daily with the children because this interaction actually helps the child to comfort them in distress, sort the conflicts and supports and observe their play activities, change their diapers, help them take a nap and moreover the educators shares the childs victory as well as failure in this transition process. However, this interaction with other children as well as with the educator will help Zoe deal with the transition. The contribution of the educator follows with the impact of culture.I would like to share my own experience where I never shared the identical values like the children or their families in our care. Thus, the kin differ greatly in their belief system regarding what part their children should play in the community, which often is reflected among their children. Culture varies widely in the practices that the families follow in rearing their children. Moreover, the important of family lies in this transition because before going through this transition the basic preparation that the child gets is from their family. Family is the base from where the childs development and growth starts and it actually helps them to take the challenges in transition (Laverick Jalongo, 2011). Many educators and researchers know Bronfenbrenners model of nested concentric circles that situates the child in the middle (Ryan, 2001). It further centers on the different contexts in which individuals exist and relates at the junctions of these contexts. Goodnow Burns, 1985 questioned around hundreds children who are of 6-year-old from primary institutions in Australia about their likes and dislikes of beginning primary school. Against the various reactions, it was summoned that small matters actually have importance to them and so it was concluded that they are vulnerable by nature (Woodhead Faulkner, 2000). In another study of Adams Fleer 2015, they concentrated on the numerous transitions of an Australian emigrant family shifting from Saudi Arabia to Malaysia. This paper comes up with fresh transitions as a rational relationship among the global and small movements where belongings of the children's act as significant cultural device for helping the worldwide move. However,a new outlook on transitions as emotional charged events is postulated, donating to comprehensions of thenotion of transitionas an affective connection between a global shift and a smaller movement during the procedure of implanted personal belongings into the latest local context. A research by Redden et al., 2001 the only inspection to inspect the influence of a complete change in the kindergarten development intervention on child results in kindergarten. The writers suggested that a precaution consequence might have appeared such that the involvement that was especially successful for children at possibility for Mentally Retard and Emotional Disturbance due to the profit of the assistance provided by the family and obstructive referrals and conceals. Another research study Hamblin-Wilson Thurman, 1990 propose that young childhood special education labors are precious resources to kin because disabled children shifts to kindergarten. However, the participation of receiving basic schools may be nominal. This can owe, in parts, to little facilities and the recognition that transition executions are unpractical to execute. In another study by Ebbeck, 2013 on transition which manifested that a favorable transition can help the child throughout life and lay the pathway to prosper in succeeding years of schooling. The study by Copeland et.al, 2013, evaluated design of diagnostically transition from early childhood to puberty and again from puberty to prior adulthood. The result that he pointed out was with having a disturbance at an advanced time was related with not less than a multiple growth in probability for having a disturbance at a subsequent time. Homotypic and heterotypic transitions are also noticed for every group of disorders. The powerful proof of progression was viewed for behavioral disorders especially ADHD with minimal confirmation for emotional disorders like depression and anxiety. Restricted proof came up in regulated representations for behavioral disorders forecasting further emotional disorders. Adult substance disorders were advanced by behavioral disorders, but neither anxiety nor depression. According to Hughes, Banks Terras, 2013 well to do transition from junior to secondary school is influential for psychosocial welfare. Those children with special educational needs (SEN) may be concern with supplementary complexities in transition, but the effect of this operation on children's psychosocial adaptation had obscured. Apart from these declared studies that were recognized throughout an organized exploration of six electronic sequences. Further, review was done on articles that were attaining additional criteria and a standard benchmark system was evolved to grade the studies. Conclusion Thus, to conclude it can be said that as we have gathered our knowledge regarding what transition is and how impactful it is in a lifetime. Therefore, from my point of view the learning outcomes that I came up with are that in this process it is important that the toddler get the appropriate care from the teachers or the caregivers. For us it is a kind of challenge to build that relationship with the child but an advantage is that we can simply rely on the way we have been parented or the social myths we have about children. However, in Zoes case to make her succeed can be through parental involvement, family solidarity and educators sensitivity about linguistic and cultural inheritance. Children do have a tendency to adapt quickly to new environments if proper support and help is provided to them and so they just need support and comfort. Often parents fail to understand the importance of transition planning and so they are unaware of where to get the right information from about a beneficial place for their children. The requirements for those children are with disabilities that actually require special care and attachment from the families as well as the teachers. However, it may look quite complicated in comparison to childrens without disability. As I have understood, this jump from one point to another is crucial and any kind of fall can remain like a scare for a lifetime. The family for this transition plays an important role in preparing children to take up the challenges and so their involvement is highly important. From family environment children feel safe and warm and it is a dependable environment for them from here when their base shifts to an unknown place they learn interaction, cooperation and become independent by interacting with peers and teachers. It is from here that they built up the trust factor s and gains the courage to face the challenges latter in life. References Adams, M., Fleer, M. (2015). Moving countries: Belongings as central for realizing the affective relation between international shifts and localized micro movements.Learning, Culture and Social Interaction,6, 56-66. Brostrom, S. (2005). Transition problems and play as transitory activity. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 30(3), 1725. Copeland, W. E., Adair, C. E., Smetanin, P., Stiff, D., Briante, C., Colman, I., ... Angold, A. (2013). Diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence to early adulthood.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,54(7), 791-799. Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., Zinsser, K. (2012). Early childhood teachers as socializers of young childrens emotional competence.Early Childhood Education Journal,40(3), 137-143. Dockett, S., Perry, B. (2009). Readiness for school: a relational construct.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,34(1), 20. Ebbeck, M., Saidon, S. B., nee Rajalachime, G., Teo, L. Y. (2013). Childrens Voices: Providing Continuity in Transition Experiences in Singapore.Early Childhood Education Journal,41(4), 291-298. Galindo, C., Sheldon, S. B. (2012). School and home connections and children's kindergarten achievement gains: The mediating role of family involvement.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,27(1), 90-103. Goodnow, J. J., Burns, A. (1985). Home and school: A childs eye view. London: George Allen Unwin. Hamblin-Wilson, C., Thurman, S. K. (1990). The transition from early intervention to kindergarten: Parental satisfaction and involvement.Journal of Early Intervention,14(1), 55-61. Hughes, L. A., Banks, P., Terras, M. M. (2013). Secondary school transition for children with special educational needs: a literature review.Support for Learning,28(1), 24-34. Laverick, D. M., Jalongo, M. R. (Eds.). (2011).Transitions to early care and education: International perspectives on making schools ready for young children(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Perry, B., Dockett, S., Petriwskyj, A. (Eds.). (2013).Transitions to school-international research, policy and practice(Vol. 9). Springer Science Business Media. Rosier, K., McDonald, M. (2011).Promoting positive education and care transitions for children. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Ryan, D. P. J. (2001). Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory.Retrieved January,9, 2012. Wagner, J., Ldtke, O., Jonkmann, K., Trautwein, U. (2013). Cherish yourself: Longitudinal patterns and conditions of self-esteem change in the transition to young adulthood.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,104(1), 148. Woodhead, M., Faulkner, D. (2000). Subjects, objects or participants? Dilemmas of psychological research with children. In P. Christensen A. James (Eds.), Research with children: Perspectives and practices (pp. 935). London: Falmer Press

One Best Friend Essays - English-language Films, Frankenstein

One Best Friend One Best Friend There are so many types of friendship that can be developed intentionally or unintentionally by all humans. Its hard to accept that sometimes because we might need the help of someone who if it wasnt for the current need we would be happy not to even speak a word to him or her. All of us at some time or another we make conscious decisions on who our friends are. Frankenstein didnt have such luxury. He didnt have a circle of friends to choose from. He only had those who wanted to use him for their own convenience and it is in this way that he learned that friendship could be that. An exchange of favors by people he really didnt trust. All through the storylines that follow the book and the first movie, Frankenstein didnt have any real friends. Even the old blind man from Bride of Frankenstein accepted him because he himself was in desperate need of any kind of human interaction. The monsters first impression was that of an honest friendly gesture. This was the first step for him in learning that friendship could be used to acquire the things he wanted. Aristotle commented on the existence of three types of friendship: friendship based on utility, friendship based on pleasure and perfect friendship. The first one being based on a dependency of one another. We all get to experience all three types of friendship. The Monster never had the privilege of knowing the last one. The third one is based on real feelings of admiration, respect, and understanding. Nobody ever had those feelings toward the monster. Almost all the characters and ever viewers of the story have nothing but feelings of fear, misunderstanding, pity and disrespect for the monster. The closest anybody came to be a real friend to the monster was Ygor. Even Ygor didnt really see the monster as a potential friend he was only a tool that he used to get even with those who sentenced him to be hanged and those who didnt hide their disgust for Ygor. It could be argued that nobody got as close to the monster as Ygor did. Ygor didnt want the monster to be his friend he didnt hesitate to replace the Monsters brain with his own in order to have the monster strength to be used for his own plans. He realized that controlling the monster was becoming more and more difficult. Friendship is not about controlling somebody else. In the surface it could be argued that Ygor was the Monsters best friend. After all we all have someone that its considered a best friend. Everybody in the early years try to stay and befriend those who look like us or who share some kind of bond. In Bride Of Frankenstein the monster seems to be applying this concept to himself when he demands a partner. He had realized that people would never be able to see him in a friendly manner, they would never be able to understand him, because they were not like him. His solution was to search for someone who understood him and was in the same situation. Another monster. At the end of the movie he realized that not even someone who had been built just like himself would not accept him. The terrified expression of the bride told him everything he needed to know. There are so many aspects to the story of Frankenstein in relation to friendship, but the most notable is that of a lonely being who could not culture a perfect friendship which was the cause of his destruction. English Essays

Be Sure Your School or Program Is Accredited

Be Sure Your School or Program Is Accredited Accreditation is recognition that an educational institution has a certain standard of quality that other reputable organizations will honor. There are two kinds of accreditation: institutional and specialized. Institutional refers to the entire school. Specialized, or programmatic, refers to specific programs within an institution. When you see that a program or institution is accredited, don’t accept that it is accredited by a reputable agency. Check it out. Make sure you can trust online programs. Be careful not to spend money on programs accredited by agencies not on the following list. They may be okay, but caution and good sense is recommended. When a program offers you a diploma in a matter of days, red flags are blowing. The U.S. Department of Education has the authority and responsibility of recognizing accrediting agencies that can be trusted. Here is their list as of May 1, 2009: Regional Accrediting Agencies Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, Commission on Higher EducationMiddle States Commission on Secondary SchoolsNew England Association of Schools and Colleges, Commission on Institutions of Higher EducationNew England Association of Schools and Colleges, Commission on Technical and Career InstitutionsNew York State Board of Regents, State Education Department, Office of the Professions (Public Postsecondary Vocational Education, Practical Nursing)North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement, Board of TrusteesNorth Central Association of Colleges and Schools, The Higher Learning CommissionNorthwest Commission on Colleges and UniversitiesOklahoma Board of Career and Technology EducationOklahoma State Regents for Higher EducationPennsylvania State Board of Vocational Education, Bureau of Career and Technical EducationPuerto Rico State Agency for the Approval of Public Postsecondary Vocational, Technical Institutions and ProgramsSouthern Ass ociation of Colleges and Schools, Commission on CollegesWestern Association of Schools and Colleges, Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior CollegesWestern Association of Schools and Colleges, Accrediting Commission for SchoolsWestern Association of Schools and Colleges, Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities Nationally Recognized Accrediting Agencies Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of TechnologyAccrediting Council for Continuing Education and TrainingAccrediting Council for Independent Colleges and SchoolsAssociation for Biblical Higher Education, Commission on AccreditationAssociation of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools, Accreditation CommissionCouncil on Occupational EducationDistance Education and Training Council, Accrediting CommissionNational Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts and SciencesNew York State Board of Regents, and the Commissioner of EducationTransnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools, Accreditation Commission Hybrid Accrediting Agencies Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental MedicineAccrediting Bureau of Health Education SchoolsAmerican Academy for Liberal EducationAmerican Bar Association, Council of the Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the BarAmerican Board of Funeral Service Education, Committee on AccreditationAmerican College of Nurse-Midwives, Division of AccreditationAmerican Dietetic Association, Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics EducationAmerican Osteopathic Association, Commission on Osteopathic College AccreditationAmerican Podiatric Medical Association, Council on Podiatric Medical EducationCommission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological SchoolsCommission on Massage Therapy AccreditationCouncil on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational ProgramsCouncil on Chiropractic EducationJoint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic TechnologyMidwifery Education Accreditation CouncilMontessori Accreditation Council for Teacher Education, Commission on Accredi tationNational Association of Schools of Art and Design, Commission on AccreditationNational Association of Schools of Dance, Commission on AccreditationNational Association of Schools of Music, Commission on Accreditation, Commission on Community/Junior College AccreditationNational Association of Schools of Theatre, Commission on AccreditationNational League for Nursing Accrediting Commission Programmatic Accrediting Agencies Accreditation Council for Pharmacy EducationAmerican Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy EducationAmerican Dental Association, Commission on Dental AccreditationAmerican Occupational Therapy Association, Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy EducationAmerican Optometric Association, Accreditation Council on Optometric EducationAmerican Physical Therapy Association, Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy EducationAmerican Psychological Association, Committee on AccreditationAmerican Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language PathologyAmerican Veterinary Medical Association, Council on EducationAssociation for Clinical Pastoral Education, Inc., Accreditation CommissionCommission on Accreditation of Healthcare Management EducationCommission on Collegiate Nursing EducationCommission on English Language Program AccreditationCommission on Optic ianry AccreditationCouncil on Education for Public HealthCouncil on Naturopathic Medical EducationJoint Review Committee on Educational Programs in Nuclear Medicine TechnologyKansas State Board of NursingLiaison Committee on Medical EducationMaryland Board of NursingMissouri State Board of NursingMontana State Board of NursingNational Association of Nurse Practitioners in Womens Health, Council on AccreditationNational Council for Accreditation of Teacher EducationNew York State Board of Regents, State Education Department, Office of the Professions (Nursing Education)North Dakota Board of NursingTeacher Education Accreditation Council, Accreditation Committee

Managing Human Resources Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Human Resources - Coursework Example man resource management has changed its role from primarily administrative to a more influencing and facilitating position with an aim of adopting a commercial approach to HRM. Human Resources Management is business today is the hardest duty of a manager as coordination of capabilities of humans is central to the business’s achievement of the set goals. However, HR manager is faced with challenges as humans are constantly in conflict with their psychology, assumptions, aspirations and attitudes. HRM involves activities such as development strategies, employee training, coordination of employee benefits, performance management and recruiting and hiring employees (Tichy, Fombrum and Devanna, 1982). Although both human resource management and personal management are concepts involved with management of human labor in an organization, there are notable differences between the two concepts. Personal management is a traditional style while HRM is the new and modern version. Personal management is more inclined to focus on labor relations, employee welfare and personnel administration as opposed to motivation and sustainability and acquisition and development of human resources. During the 1990s when the concept of HRM took root in organizations, the two concepts were interchangeably used to mean the same things. However, social and economic development in the structure of organizations since 1990s have seen the evolution of HRM in order to cope with the needs of the ever changing business environment. Key areas of distinction between HRM and personal management can be examined in relation to leadership and management roles, contract of employment, job design and pay policy and the nature of relations. HRM has been described as a concept that takes two different forms; hard and soft HRM. The soft model is concerned with the humans and their self-direction with a view of emphasizing centrally on self- regulating behavior, trust and commitment. On the other hand, the

Intermediate Microeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intermediate Microeconomics - Assignment Example EX, Y = % change in quantity demanded of a product X/ % change in price of product Y. = {(400+450)/ (5+4)}* (4-5)/ (450-400) = (850/9)*(-1/50) = 94.44/-0.02 = -4.722. The negative coefficient depicts an increase in price of computer will result to 4.72 percentages in decrease in demand for printers. Income elasticity of demand assesses the "sensitivity of the demand for a good to a change in the income of the consumers" (Mankiw 97). Ed = (A1+A2)/ (Q1+Q2)*(change in Q/change in A) = (10,000+15,000)/ (20+18)* (18-20)/ (15,000-10,000) = (25,000/38)*(-2/5,000) = (657.89*0.0004) = -0.263. As the consumers income increases the demand of the commodity decrease even though the price remains the same. This implies the goods are of inferior quality thus when income increases consumers opt for better quality products (Mankiw 109). Regressing the logs of independent variables Px, Py and I results to a linear function of the amount needed and the independent variables (Mankiw 123). The percent change in quantity demanded is determined by the coefficient of the income I, price of the product X and price of the product

Love is a Bitch in Amores Perros Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Love is a Bitch in Amores Perros - Term Paper Example The film is not a simplistic critique of the Mexican society. Rather it is a revelation of the human nature with all its frailties, speedily accentuated by the rapid social changes and a continual dilution of social values. Amores Perros depicts the darker side of the contemporary Mexican society and nudges the viewers to reflect on its disturbing and unjust dynamics. The film is set in the modern day Mexico City. The universal appeal of the film could be attributed to its illustrative depiction of the concepts of broken families and betrayal, the themes which tend to be common to most of the modern day cultures, societies and civilizations (Flynn 35). The selfish and callous tendencies of the characters in the movie give something to relate to almost all its contemporary viewers, irrespective of the place or country which they live in. The pain of Mexico City as shown in the film is the inevitable plight of modern societies. Story Amores Perros is a film woven around the stories of three characters that are Octavio, Daniel and El Chivo, which in a way represent a microcosm of the contemporary, middle class, Mexican domestic scene. The family life of all the three characters is shown to have a common thread of deception running through them. Octavio loves his sister-in-law Susana. He earns money by dabbling in illegal dog fighting. Daniel jilts his wife and daughter, to get into a relationship with a famous model Valeria. El Chivo fails to share a normal family life with his daughter Maru because of being behind bars. In the entire three stories one comes across disruption of family relationships, betrayal of intimacy and trust and flaunting of long cherished social and domestic values. The central characters in the story are depicted as trying to eke out a better life for themselves, but albeit through questionable and unconventional means. The story raises many questions as to whether the unscrupulousness of the three central characters is the strictly person al marrow of their bones or are their lives helplessly simmering in the larger boiling pot of an age and times where achievement is about money only, beauty is simply about looks and family life is about convenience, opportunism and shallowness? The characters in the movie discernibly evince a stark disassociation and variance between feeling and thought, success and honesty, intimacy and fidelity and end and means, which strikingly seem alright and normal in the surrounding social landscape (Podalsky, 148). This seeming normalcy of the things is what is abnormal and pervert. Class Depictions and Related Social Themes In the film, the lower middle class is depicted as being limited and constrained by self adopted and socially reinforced stereotypes, which glorify acquisition, street smartness and unscrupulousness. In such a socio-economic scenario, all the roads seem to lead to an idea of success that is also a dead end in itself. It endows its adherents with all the promised goodie s, yet mercilessly snatches much that is simple, accessible and harmless. The ghetto life in the contemporary Mexico is shown as being marred by preexisting perceptions, where the individuals brazenly feel justified and alright to act out the roles that are valued and encouraged by their social ambience. It is a male dominated society where the young women are both the subject and object of raw lust, deserving a high monetary,

MapReduce for Distributed Computing

MapReduce for Distributed Computing 1.) Introduction A distributed computing system can be defined as a collection of processors interconnected by a communication network such that each processor has its own local memory. The communication between any two or more processors of the system takes place by passing information over the communication network. It has its application in various fields like Hadoop and Map Reduce which we will be discussing further in details. Hadoop is becoming the technology of choice for enterprises that need to effectively collect, store and process large amounts of structured and complex data. The purpose of the thesis is to research about the possibility of using a MapReduce framework to implement Hadoop. Now all this is possible by the file system that is used by Hadoop and it is HDFS or Hadoop Distributed File System. HDFS is a distributed file system and capable to run on hardware. It is similar with existing distributed file systems and its main advantage over the other distributed File system is, it is designed to be deployed on low-cost hardware and highly fault-tolerant. HDFS provides extreme throughput access to applications having large data sets. Originally it was built as infrastructure support for the Apache Nutch web search engine. Applications that run using HDFS have extremely large data sets like few gigabytes to even terabytes in size. Thus, HDFS is designed to support very large sized files. It provides high data communication and can connect hundreds of nodes in a single cluster and supports tens of millions of files in a system at a time. Now we take all the above things mentioned above in details. We will be discussing various fields where Hadoop is being implemented like in storage facility of Facebook and twitter, HIVE, PIG etc. 2.) Serial vs. Parallel Programming In the early decades of computing, programs were serial or sequential, that is, a program consisted of a categorization of instructions, where each instruction executed sequential as name suggests. It ran from start to finish on a single processor. Parallel programming (grid computing) developed as a means of improving performance and efficiency. In a parallel program, the process is broken up into several parts, each of which will be executed concurrently. The instructions from each part run simultaneously on different CPUs. These CPUs can exist on a single machine, or they can be CPUs in a set of computers connected via a network. Not only are parallel programs faster, they can also be used to solve problems on large datasets using non-local resources. When you have a set of computers connected on a network, you have a vast pool of CPUs, and you often have the ability to read and write very large files (assuming a distributed file system is also in place). Parallelism is nothing but a strategy for performing complex and large tasks faster than traditional serial way. A large task can either be performed serially, one step following another, or can be decomposed into smaller tasks to be performed simultaneously using concurrent mechanism in parallel systems. Parallelism is done by: Breaking up the process into smaller processes Assigning the smaller processes to multiple processors to work on simultaneously Coordinating the processors Parallel problem solving can be seen in real life application too. Examples: automobile manufacturing plant; operating a large organization; building construction; 3.) History of clusters: Clustering is the use of cluster of computers, typically PCs or some workstations, storage devices, and interconnections, appears to outsider (user) as a single highly super system. Cluster computing can be used for high availability and load balancing. It can be used as a relatively low-cost form of parallel processing system for scientific and other related applications. Computer clustering technology put cluster of few systems together to provide better system reliability. Cluster server systems can connect a group of systems together in order to provide combined processing service for the clients in the cluster. Cluster operating systems distribute the tasks amongst the available systems. Clusters of systems or workstations can connect a group of systems together to share critically demanding and tough tasks. Theoretically, a cluster operating system can provide seamless optimization in every case. At the present time, cluster server and workstation systems are mostly used in High Availability applications and in scientific applications such as numerical computations. A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed system that: consists of a collection of interconnected whole computers and is used as single, unified computing resource. The whole computer in above definition can have one or more processors built into a single operating system image. Why a Cluster Lower cost: In all-purpose small sized systems profit from using proper technology. Both hardware and software costs tend to be expressively minor for minor systems. However one must study the entire cost of proprietorship of your computing environment while making a buying conclusion. Next subdivision facts to some issues which may counterbalance some of the gains of primary cost of acquirement of a cluster. . Vendor independence: Though it is usually suitable to use similar components through a number of servers in a cluster, it is worthy to retain a certain degree of vendor independence, especially if the cluster is being organized for long term usage. A Linux cluster created on mostly service hardware permits for much better vendor liberation than a large multi-processor scheme using a proprietary operating system. Scalability: In several environments the problem load is too large that it just cannot be processed on a specific system within the time limits of the organization. Clusters similarly provide a hassle-free path for increasing the computational means as the load rises over time. Most large systems scale to a assured number of processors and require a costly upgrade Reliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS): A larger system is typically more vulnerable to failure than a smaller system. A major hardware or software component failure fetches the whole system down. Hence if a large single system is positioned as the computational resource, a module failure will bring down substantial computing power. In case of a cluster, a single module failure only affects a small part of the overall computational resources. A system in the cluster can be repaired without bringing rest of the cluster down. Also, additional computational resources can be added to a cluster while it is running the user assignment. Hence a cluster maintains steadiness of user operations in both of these cases. In similar type of situations a SMP system will require a complete shutdown and a restart. Adaptability: It is much easier to adapt the topology. The patterns of linking the compute nodes together, of a cluster to best suit the application requirements of a computer center. Vendors typically support much classified topologies of MPPs because of design, or sometimes testing, issues. Faster technology innovation: Clusters benefit from thousands of researchers all around the world, who typically work on smaller systems rather than luxurious high end systems. Limitations of Clusters It is noteworthy to reference certain shortcomings of using clusters as opposite to a single large system. These should be closely cautious while defining the best computational resource for the organization. System managers and programmers of the organization should intensely take part in estimating the following trade-offs. A cluster increases the number of individual components in a computer center. Every server in a cluster has its own sovereign network ports, power supplies, etc. The increased number of components and cables going across servers in a cluster partially counterbalances some of the RAS advantages stated above. It is easier to achieve a single system as opposed to numerous servers in a cluster. There are a lot more system services obtainable to manage computing means within a single system than those which can assistance manage a cluster. As clusters progressively find their way into profitable organizations, more cluster savvy tools will become accessible over time, which will bridge some of this gap. In order for a cluster to scale to make actual use of numerous CPUs, the workload needs to be properly well-adjusted on the cluster. Workload inequity is easier to handle in a shared memory environment, because switching tasks across processors doesnt involve too much data movement. On the other hand, on a cluster it tends to be very tough to move a by this time running task from one node to another. If the environment is such that workload balance cannot be controlled, a cluster may not provide good parallel proficiency. Programming patterns used on a cluster are typically diverse from those used on shared-memory systems. It is relatively easier to use parallelism in a shared-memory system, since the shared data is gladly available. On a cluster, as in an MPP system, either the programmer or the compiler has to explicitly transport data from one node to another. Before deploying a cluster as a key resource in your environment, you should make sure that your system administrators and programmers are comfortable in working in a cluster environment. Getting Started With Linux Cluster: Although clustering can be performed on various operating systems like Windows, Macintosh, Solaris etc. , Linux has its own advantages which are as follows:- Linux runs on a wide range of hardware Linux is exceptionally stable Linux source code is freely distributed. Linux is relatively virus free. Having a wide variety of tools and applications for free. Good environment for developing cluster infrastructure. Cluster Overview and Terminology A compute cluster comprises of a lot of different hardware and software modules with complex interfaces between various modules. In fig 1.3 we show a simplified concept of the key layers that form a cluster. Following sections give a brief overview of these layers. 4.) Parallel computing and Distributed Computing system Parallel computing It is the concurrent execution of some permutation of multiple instances of programmed instructions and data on multiple processors in order to achieve results faster. A parallel computing system is a system in which computer with more than one processor for parallel processing. In the past, each processor of a multiprocessing system every time came in its own processor packaging, but in recent times-introduced multicore processors contain multiple logical processors in a single package. There are many diverse kinds of parallel computers. They are well-known by the kind of interconnection among the processors (â€Å"processing elements or PEs) and memory. Distributed Computing System: There are two types of distributed Computing systems: Tightly coupled system: In these systems, there is a single system wide primary memory (address space) that is shared by all the processors. In these systems any communication between the processors usually takes place through the shared memory. In tightly coupled systems, the number of processors that can be usefully deployed is usually small and limited by the bandwidth of the shared memory. Tightly coupled systems are referred to as parallel processing systems Loosely coupled systems: In these systems, the processors do not share memory, and each processor has its own local memory. In these systems, all physical communication between the processors is done by passing messages across the network that interconnects the processors. In this type of System Processors are expandable and can have unlimited number of processor. Loosely coupled systems, are referred to as distributed computing systems. Various Models are used for building Distributed Computing System: 4.1) Minicomputer Model It is a simple extension of the centralized time-sharing system. A distributed computing system based on this classical consists of a few minicomputers or large supercomputers unified by a communication network. Each minicomputer usually has many user simultaneously logged on to it through several terminals linked to it with every user logged on to one exact minicomputer, with remote access to other minicomputers, The network permits a user to access remote resources that are available on same machine other than the one on to which the user is currently logged. The minicomputer model is used when resource sharing with remote users is anticipated. The initial ARPAnet is an example of a distributed computing system based on the minicomputer model. 4.2) Workstation Model Workstation model consists of several workstations unified by a communication network. The best example of a Workstation Model can be a company’s office or a university department which may have quite a few workstation scattered throughout a building or campus, with each workstation equipped with its individual disk and serving time which is specifically during the night, Notion of using workstation Model is that when certain workstations are idle (not being used), resulting in the waste of great amounts of CPU time the model connects all these workstations by a high-speed LAN so that futile workstations may be used to process jobs of users who are logged onto to other workstations and do not have adequate processing power at their own workstations to get their jobs handled efficiently. A user logs onto one of the workstations which is his â€Å"home† workstation and submits jobs for execution if the system does not have sufficient processing power for executing the processes of the submitted jobs resourcefully, it transfers one or more of the processes from the user’s workstation to some other workstation that is currently ideal and gets the process executed there, and finally the outcome of execution is given back to the user’s workstation deprived of the user being aware of it. The main Issue increases if a user logs onto a workstation that was idle until now and was being used to perform a process of another workstation .How the remote process is to be controlled at this time .To handle this type of problem we have three solutions: The first method is to allow the remote process share the resources of the workstation along with its own logged-on user’s processes. This method is easy to apply, but it setbacks the main idea of workstations helping as personal computers, because if remote processes are permitted to execute concurrently with the logged-on user’s own processes, the logged-on user does not get his or her fail-safe response. The second method is to kill the remote process. The main disadvantage of this technique is that all the processing done for the remote process gets lost and the file system may be left in an erratic state, making this method repellent. The third method is to migrating the remote process back to its home workstation, so that its execution can be continued there. This method is tough to implement because it involves the system to support preemptive process migration facility that is stopping the current process when a higher priority process comes into the execution. Thus we can say that the workstation model is a network of individual workstations, each with its own disk and a local file system. The Sprite system and experimental system developed at Zerox PARC are two examples of distributed computing systems, based on the workstation model. 4.3) Workstation-Server Model Workstation Server Model consists of a limited minicomputers and numerous workstations (both diskful and diskless workstations) but most of them are diskless connected by a high speed communication Network. A workstation with its own local disk is generally called a diskful workstation and a workstation without a local disk is named as diskless workstation. The file systems used by these workstations is either applied either by a diskful workstation or by a minicomputer armed with a disk for file storage. One or more of the minicomputers are used for applying the file system. Other minicomputer may be used for providing other types of service area, such as database service and print service. Thus, every minicomputer is used as a server machine to provide one or more types of services. Therefore in the workstation-server model, in addition to the workstations, there are dedicated machines (may be specialized workstations) for running server processes (called servers) for handling and providing access to shared resources. A user logs onto a workstation called his home workstation, Normal computation activities required by the user’s processes are performed at the user’s home workstation, but requirements for services provided by special servers such as a file server or a database server are sent to a server providing that type of service that performs the user’s requested activity and returns the result of request processing to the user’s workstation. Therefore, in this model, the user’s processes need not be migrated to the server machines for getting the work done by those machines. For better complete system performance, the local disk of diskful workstation is normally used for such purposes as storage of temporary file, storage of unshared files, storage of shared files that are rarely changed, paging activity in virtual-memory management, and caching of remotely accessed data. Workstation Server Model is better than Workstation Model in the following ways: It is much cheaper to use a few minicomputers equipped with large, fast disks than a large number of diskful workstations, with each workstation having a small, slow disk. Diskless workstations are also preferred to diskful workstations from a system maintenance point of view. Backup and hardware maintenance are easier to perform with a few large disks than with many small disks scattered all Furthermore, installing new releases of software (such as a file server with new functionalities) is easier when the software is to be installed on a few file server machines than on every workstations. In the workstation-server model, since all files are managed by the file servers, users have the flexibility to use any workstation and access the files in the same manner irrespective of which workstation the user is currently logged on .Whereas this is not true with the workstation model, in which each workstation has its local file system, because different mechanisms are needed to access local and remote files. Unlike the workstation model, this model does not need a process migration facility, which is difficult to implement. In this model, a client process or workstation sends a request to a server process or a mini computer for getting some service such as reading a block of a file. The server executes the request and sends back a reply to the client that contains the result of request processing. A user has guarantied response time because workstations are not used for executing remote process. However, the model does not utilize the processing capability of idle workstation. The V-System (Cheriton 1988) is an example of a distributed computing system that is based on the workstation-server model. 4.4) Processor-Pool Model In the process of pool model the processors are pooled together-to be shared by the users needed. The pool -or processors consist of a large number of micro-computers and minicomputers attached to the network. Each processor in the pool has its own memory to load and run a system program or an application program of the distributed-computing system. The processor-pool model is used for the purpose that most of the time a user does not need any computing power but once in a while he may need a very large amount of computing power for short time (e.g., when recompiling a program consisting of a large number of files after changing a basic shared declaration). In processor-pool model, the processors in the pool have no terminal attached directly to them, and users access the system from terminals that are attached to the network via special devices. These terminals are either small diskless workstations or graphic terminals. A special server called a run server manages and allocates the processors in the pool to different users on a demand basis. When a user submits a job for computation an appropriate number of Processors are temporarily assigned to his or her job by the run server. In this type of model we do not have a concept of home machine, in this when a user logs on he is logged on to the whole system by default. The processor-pool model allows better utilization of the available processing power of a distributed computing system as in this model the entire processing power of the system is available for use by the current logged-on users, whereas this is not true for the workstation-server model in which several workstations may be idle at a particular time but they cannot be used for processing the jobs of other users. Furthermore, the processor-pool model provides greater flexibility than the workstation-server model as the system’s services can be easily expanded without the need to install any more computers. The processors in the pool can be allocated to act as extra servers to carry any additional load arising from an increased user population or to provide new services. However, the processor-pool model is usually considered to be unsuitable for high-performance interactive application, program of a user is being executed and the terminal via which the user is interacting with the system. The workstation-server model is generally considered to be more suitable for such applications. Amoeba [Mullender et al. 1990]. Plan 9 [Pike et al. 1990], and the Cambridge Distributed Computing System [Needham and Herbert 1982] are examples of distributed computing systems based on the processor-pool model. 5) ISSUES IN DESIGNING A DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM To design a distributed operating system is a more difficult task than designing a centralized operating system for several reasons. In the design of a centralized operating system, it is assumed that the operating system has access to complete and accurate information about the environment is which it is functioning. In a distributed system, the resources are physically separated, their is no common clock among the multiple processors as the delivery of messages is delayed, and not have up-to-date, consistent knowledge about the state of the various components of the underlying distributed system .And lack of up-to-date and consistent information makes many thing (such as management of resources and synchronization of cooperating activities) much harder in the design of a distributed operating system,. For example, it is hard to schedule the processors optimally if the operating system is not sure how many of them are up at the moment. Therefore a distributed operating system must be designed to provide all the advantages of a distributed system to its users. That is, the users should be able to view a distributed system as a virtual centralized system that is flexible, efficient, reliable, secure, and easy to use. To meet this challenge, designers of a distributed operating system must deal with several design issues. Some of the key design issues are: 5.1) Transparency The main goal of a distributed operating system is to make the existence of multiple computers invisible (transparent) and that is to provide each user the feeling that he is the only user working on the system. That is, distributed operating system must be designed in such a way that a collection of distinct machines connected by a communication subsystem appears to its users as a virtual unprocessed. Accesses Transparency: Access transparency typically refers to the situation where users should not need or be able to recognize whether a resource (hardware or software) is remote or local. This implies that the distributed operating system should allow users to access remote resource in the same ways as local resources. That is, the user should not be able to distinguish between local and remote resources, and it should be the responsibility of the distributed operating system to locate the resources and to arrange for servicing user requests in a user-transparent manner. Location Transparency: Location Transparency is achieved if the name of a resource is kept hidden and user mobility is there, that is: Name transparency: This refers to the fact that the name of a resource (hardware or software) should not reveal any hint as to the physical location of the resource. Furthermore, such resources, which are capable of being moved from one node to another in a distributed system (such as a file), must be allowed to move without having their names changed. Therefore, resource names must be unique system wide. User Mobility: this refers to the fact that no matter which machine a user is logged onto, he should be able to access a resource with the same name he should not require two different names to access the same resource from two different nodes of the system. In a distributed system that supports user mobility, users can freely log on to any machine in the system and access any resource without making any extra effort. Replication Transparency Replicas or copies of files and other resources are created by the system for the better performance and reliability of the data in case of any loss. These replicas are placed on the different nodes of the distributed System. Both, the existence of multiple copies of a replicated resource and the replication activity should be transparent to the users. Two important issues related to replication transparency are naming of replicas and replication control. It is the responsibility of the system to name the various copies of a resource and to map a user-supplied name of the resource to an appropriate replica of the resource. Furthermore, replication control decisions such as how many copies of resource should be created, where should each copy be placed, and when should a copy be created/deleted should be made entirely automatically by the system in a user -transparent manner. Failure Transparency Failure transparency deals with masking from the users partial failures in the system, Such as a communication link failure, a machine failure, or a storage device crash. A distributed operating system having failure transparency property will continue to function, perhaps in a degraded form, in the face of partial failures. For example suppose the file service of a distributed operating system is to be made failure transparent. This can be done by implementing it as a group of file servers that closely cooperate with each other to manage the files of the system and that function in such a manner that the users can utilize the file service even if only one of the file servers is up and working. In this case, the users cannot notice the failure of one or more file servers, except for slower performance of file access operations. Be implemented in this way for failure transparency. An attempt to design a completely failure-transparent distributed system will result in a very slow and highly expensive system due to the large amount of redundancy required for tolerating al l types of failures. Migration Transparency An object is migrated from one node to another for a better performance, reliability and great security. The aim of migration transparency is to ensure that the movement of the object is handled automatically by the system in a user-transparent manner. Three important issues in achieving this goal are as follows: Migration decisions such as which object is to be moved from where to where should be made automatically by the system. Migration of an object from one node to another should not require any change in its name. When the migrating object is a process, the interposes communication mechanism should ensure that a massage sent to the migrating process reaches it without the need for the sender process to resend it if the receiver process moves to another node before the massage is received. Concurrency Transparency In a distributed system multiple users uses the system concurrently. In such a situation, it is economical to share the system resource (hardware or software) among the concurrently executing user processes. However since the number of available resources in a computing system is restricted one user processes, must necessarily influence the action of other concurrently executing processes. For example, concurrent update to the file by two different processes should be prevented. Concurrency transparency means that each user has a feeling that he is the sole user of the system and other users do not exist in the system. For providing concurrency transparency, the recourse sharing mechanisms of the distributed operating system must have the following properties: An event-ordering property ensures that all access requests to various system resources are properly ordered to provide a consistent view to all users of the system. A mutual-exclusion property ensures that at any time at most one process accesses a shared resource, which must not be used simultaneously by multiple processes if program operation is to be correct. A no-starvation property ensures that if every process that is granted a resources which must not be used simultaneously by multiple processes, eventually releases it, every request for that restore is eventually granted. A no-deadlock property ensures that a situation will never occur in which competing process prevent their mutual progress ever though no single one requests more resources than available in the system. Performance Transparency The aim of performance transparency is never get